{"id":15188,"date":"2026-10-30T12:57:10","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T10:57:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/?page_id=15188"},"modified":"2026-10-30T12:57:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T10:57:43","slug":"zvorotnyj-osmos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/zvorotnyj-osmos\/","title":{"rendered":"Industrial Reverse Osmosis Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style id=\"ziko-sections-vp-v2-css\">@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Geologica:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Rubik:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Raleway:wght@500;600&display=swap'); .ziko-page { --blue-900:#273E66; --blue-800:#2B3C5B; --blue-700:#3B66A2; --blue-600:#598ECA; --blue-500:#1696CE; --blue-400:#6AC5E8; --blue-300:#9AB4DB; --blue-200:#B8CBE6; --blue-150:#C7E2EC; --blue-100:#E5EEF6; --blue-050:#E3F5FF; --blue-electric:#0045FF; --accent-pink:#F6D1E3; --accent-mint:#A9D9C0; --accent-cream:#F5E6D3; --black:#1B1B1B; 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input[type=submit]:hover,.ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-submit:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-spinner{margin:8px auto 0;} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-not-valid-tip{color:#ffd9d9;font-size:13px;margin-top:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-response-output{color:#fff;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.4) !important;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;} .zk-linkcard{display:block;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg); padding:28px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--text-heading);transition:box-shadow var(--dur,200ms) var(--ease),transform var(--dur,200ms) var(--ease);} .zk-linkcard:hover{box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px);} .zk-linkcard h3{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:18px;font-weight:var(--fw-medium);margin:0 0 10px;} .zk-linkcard span{color:var(--link);font-size:14px;font-weight:var(--fw-medium);} .zk-textlink{color:var(--link);font-weight:var(--fw-medium);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-200);} .zk-textlink:hover{color:var(--link-hover);border-color:var(--link-hover);} .zk-softcta{background:var(--color-surface-invert);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);padding:48px;text-align:center;color:var(--white);} .zk-softcta .zk-h2{color:var(--white);margin-bottom:20px;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page{--gutter:40px;--section-y:72px;--text-hero:44px;--text-h2:32px;} .zk-hero__grid,.zk-split,.zk-cta{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px;} .zk-stats{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .zk-grid--4{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} .zk-steps--3,.zk-steps--4,.zk-steps--5{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} .zk-grid--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page{--gutter:20px;--section-y:56px;--text-hero:36px;--text-h1:34px;--text-h2:28px;} .zk-stats,.zk-grid--4,.zk-grid--3,.zk-grid--2,.zk-steps--3,.zk-steps--4,.zk-steps--5{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .zk-hero{min-height:440px;padding:64px 0;} .zk-hero__badge{display:none;} .zk-btn{width:100%;} .zk-btn-row{flex-direction:column;} } body:has(.ziko-page) .kl-blog-page-title{display:none;} body:has(.ziko-page) #content.site-content{margin-top:0;} body:has(.ziko-page) #th-content-page{padding-bottom:0;} body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>[class*=\"col-md-9\"], body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>[class*=\"col-sm-8\"]{ width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;flex:0 0 100%!important; left:auto!important;right:auto!important;float:none!important;} body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>aside{display:none!important;} body:has(.zk-v2) #page_wrapper{overflow:visible;overflow-x:clip;} .ziko-page{--zk-top:114px;} @media (max-width:1024px){.ziko-page{--zk-top:65px;}} .ziko-page [id]{scroll-margin-top:calc(var(--zk-top) + 72px);} .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:96px 0;background:var(--white);} .ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec{border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref{background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref + .zk-sec,.ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec--ref, .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent + .zk-sec,.ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec--accent{border-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent{background:var(--color-surface-invert);color:var(--text-on-dark);} .ziko-page .zk-num{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0 0 16px; font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-num::before{content:attr(data-n);display:inline-grid;place-items:center;width:28px;height:28px; border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-700);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;} .ziko-page .zk-head{max-width:780px;margin:0 0 48px;} .ziko-page .zk-head .zk-h2,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head .zk-h2{font-size:38px;margin:0 0 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-head p,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head p{margin:0;color:var(--text-muted);font-size:17px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-h2{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-head p{color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-num{color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-num::before{background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(260px,4fr) 8fr;gap:64px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-layout__head{position:sticky;top:calc(var(--zk-top) + 88px);} .ziko-page .zk-block + .zk-block{margin-top:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout + .zk-block{margin-top:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-subh{margin:0 0 18px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-proof{position:relative;z-index:2;margin-top:-64px;padding-bottom:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);background:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item{padding:28px 32px;border-left:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item:first-child{border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num{font:600 40px\/1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num small{margin-left:6px;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;color:var(--blue-700);letter-spacing:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__lbl{margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors{position:sticky;top:var(--zk-top);z-index:50;background:rgba(255,255,255,.96); -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors__in{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:12px 0;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors__in::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a{flex:none;padding:9px 16px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-pill); background:#fff;color:var(--blue-800);font:500 14px\/1 var(--font-body);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .2s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a:hover{border-color:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.is-active{background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.zk-anchors__cta{margin-left:auto;background:var(--brand-cta);border-color:var(--brand-cta);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-rows{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0 40px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;gap:16px;padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-row h3,.ziko-page .zk-row h4,.ziko-page .zk-risk h3,.ziko-page .zk-risk h4{margin:2px 0 6px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-row p,.ziko-page .zk-risk p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-risks{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-risk{display:grid;grid-template-columns:34px 1fr;gap:14px;padding:22px 24px 22px 20px; border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500);border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-risk svg{width:30px;height:30px;margin-top:0;color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-risk p b{color:var(--blue-900);font-weight:600;} .ziko-page .zk-compare{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 56px 1fr;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col{padding:28px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--before{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after{background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col h4{margin:0 0 16px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:inherit;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--before h4{color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-compare ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-compare li{position:relative;padding:0 0 12px 26px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;} .ziko-page .zk-compare li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:7px;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--grey-300);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after li::before{content:\"\u2713\";top:0;left:0;width:auto;height:auto;border-radius:0;background:none;color:var(--blue-400);font-weight:700;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__arrow{display:grid;place-items:center;color:var(--blue-300);font-size:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox{padding:28px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox .zk-subh{margin-bottom:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th{padding:10px 0;text-align:left;font:600 12px var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted);border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding:12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-150);color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td:nth-child(2){font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td:last-child,.ziko-page .zk-reftable th:last-child{text-align:right;color:var(--text-muted);font-weight:400;} .ziko-page .zk-refnote{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:12px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-tile{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;height:100%;padding:18px 20px; border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;color:var(--blue-800); font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-tile::after{content:\"\u2192\";flex:none;color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-tile:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-chip{display:inline-block;padding:10px 16px;border:1px dashed var(--blue-300);border-radius:var(--radius-pill); color:var(--blue-800);font-size:15px;text-decoration:none;} .ziko-page .zk-chip::before{content:\"+ \";color:var(--blue-500);font-weight:600;} .ziko-page .zk-chip:hover{border-style:solid;border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-hint{margin:20px 0 0;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-spot{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.05fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:center;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media{padding:16px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-meta{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-spot h3{margin:12px 0 24px;font:500 30px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-metric{padding:18px 16px 18px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-metric + .zk-metric{padding-left:16px;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-metric b{display:block;font:600 28px\/1.1 var(--font-display);color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.01em;} .ziko-page .zk-metric span{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-spot__use{margin:18px 0 0;color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-quote{margin:20px 0 0;padding-left:18px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-400);color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-cases{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin:56px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-case{display:grid;grid-template-columns:210px 1fr;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);} .ziko-page .zk-case img{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:200px;object-fit:cover;} .ziko-page .zk-case__body{padding:22px 24px;} .ziko-page .zk-case h3{margin:8px 0 12px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-case ul{margin:0 0 14px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-case li{padding:3px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--blue-100);} .ziko-page .zk-case li b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent a{color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent a:hover{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-more{margin:20px 0 0;font-size:15px;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-softband{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;margin-top:48px;padding:26px 32px; border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:rgba(255,255,255,.06);} .ziko-page .zk-softband p{margin:0;max-width:640px;color:var(--blue-100);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;} .ziko-page .zk-softband b{display:block;margin-bottom:4px;color:#fff;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-softband .zk-btn{flex:none;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-econ{margin:0;padding:28px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-econ figcaption{margin:0 0 4px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-econ__sub{margin:0 0 16px;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-legend{display:flex;gap:20px;margin:0 0 18px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-legend span{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-legend span::before{content:\"\";width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:3px;background:var(--econ-c);} .ziko-page .zk-econ .k--ro,.ziko-page .zk-bar--ro{--econ-c:#3B66A2;} .ziko-page .zk-econ .k--ix,.ziko-page .zk-bar--ix{--econ-c:#8A8A8A;} .ziko-page .zk-bars__group + .zk-bars__group{margin-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-bars__label{margin:0 0 8px;font:600 12px var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-bar{display:grid;grid-template-columns:120px 1fr;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin-bottom:2px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-bar__track{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-bar__fill{display:block;width:var(--v);height:14px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;background:var(--econ-c);} .ziko-page .zk-bar__val{flex:none;font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);font-size:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ__facts{margin:20px 0 0;padding:16px 0 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);list-style:none;display:grid;gap:6px;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ__facts b{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-factors{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-factors li{padding:14px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-factors li:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-duo{display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:56px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(7,1fr);margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;counter-reset:st;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li{position:relative;padding:46px 18px 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::before{counter-increment:st;content:counter(st);position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;display:grid;place-items:center; width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;font:600 14px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:15px;left:32px;right:0;height:2px;background:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li:last-child::after{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline b{display:block;margin-bottom:6px;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline span{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-kv{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin-top:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-kv > div{padding:8px 24px 16px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-kv .zk-subh{margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-kv dl{margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-kv dl > div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;gap:16px;padding:13px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dt{font-size:15px;font-weight:400;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dd{margin:0;text-align:right;font-weight:600;font-size:15px;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dd small{display:block;font-weight:400;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-ticks{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-ticks li{position:relative;padding:13px 0 13px 26px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-ticks li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:0;top:13px;color:var(--blue-500);font-weight:700;} .ziko-page .zk-next{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-next h3{margin:0 0 8px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-next ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-next a{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;padding:16px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle); color:var(--blue-800);font-size:16px;text-decoration:none;} .ziko-page .zk-next a::after{content:\"\u2192\";color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-next a:hover{color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-sec .zk-faq{max-width:none;margin:0;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:72px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layout,.ziko-page .zk-spot,.ziko-page .zk-duo{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:32px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout + .zk-block{margin-top:48px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout__head{position:static;} .ziko-page .zk-cases,.ziko-page .zk-kv,.ziko-page .zk-next{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li{padding:0 0 22px 50px;min-height:32px;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::after{top:32px;bottom:0;left:15px;right:auto;width:2px;height:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.zk-anchors__cta{display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:56px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-head .zk-h2,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head .zk-h2{font-size:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof{margin-top:-40px;padding-bottom:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:108px 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:baseline;padding:14px 18px;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item:first-child{border-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num{font-size:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num small{display:block;margin:4px 0 0;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__lbl{margin-top:0;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-rows,.ziko-page .zk-risks,.ziko-page .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-compare{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__arrow{height:40px;transform:rotate(90deg);} .ziko-page .zk-case{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-case img{min-height:0;aspect-ratio:16\/9;} .ziko-page .zk-metrics{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-metric + .zk-metric{padding-left:0;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-softband{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;padding:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-bar{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ,.ziko-page .zk-refbox{padding:20px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-anchors a,.ziko-page .zk-tile{transition:none;}} .admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:146px;} @media (max-width:1024px){.admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:97px;}} @media (max-width:782px){.admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:111px;}} .ziko-page .zk-refbox .zk-tablewrap{border-color:var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th,.ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:12px;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;padding:40px 32px 36px; border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:4px; min-width:300px;padding:22px 36px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--blue-900);text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:-34px;width:3px;height:34px;margin-left:-1.5px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__cap{font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src b{font:500 24px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src span:last-child{font-size:14px;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:20px;width:100%; margin:68px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:-34px;left:12.5%;right:12.5%;height:3px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0; padding:26px 20px 24px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:-34px;left:50%;width:3px;height:34px;margin-left:-1.5px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:52px;height:52px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic svg{width:26px;height:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li > div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to b{font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to span:last-child{font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe{padding:32px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__cap{margin:0 0 24px;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:32px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;gap:6px;margin:0;min-height:128px; padding:20px 22px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;right:-26px;width:20px;height:2px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;right:-27px;margin-top:-5px; border:5px solid transparent;border-left:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-right:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__n{font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row b{font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row small{font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src{align-items:flex-start;border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src small{color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out{grid-column:span 2;border-color:var(--accent-mint);background:var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out small{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn{position:relative;height:44px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;height:50%;left:10%;right:10%; border-right:2px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:2px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom-right-radius:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;bottom:6px;left:10%; border-left:2px solid var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn i{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:10%;margin-left:-4px; border:5px solid transparent;border-top:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;padding:28px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__cap{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__flow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 28px 1.25fr 28px 1fr;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:84px;padding:12px; border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;text-align:center;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-main{border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out{border:2px solid var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out b{font:600 20px\/1.2 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out span{font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__arr{display:grid;place-items:center;color:var(--blue-500);font-size:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__note{margin:0;font-size:14px;text-align:center;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__cap--sub{margin-top:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin:0;padding:14px 18px; border:1px solid var(--grey-200);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt.is-yes{border:2px solid var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__mark{display:grid;place-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--accent-pink);color:var(--blue-900);font:700 18px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt.is-yes .zk-scheme__mark{background:var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt div span{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media{padding:0;background:none;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-fan{padding:24px 16px;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src{min-width:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src::after{height:24px;bottom:-24px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:12px;margin-top:24px;padding-left:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to::before{top:0;bottom:36px;left:9px;right:auto;width:3px;height:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:16px;text-align:left;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li::before{top:50%;left:-13px;width:13px;height:3px;margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic{flex:none;width:44px;height:44px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li > div{align-items:flex-start;gap:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li{min-height:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::after,.ziko-page .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::after{ content:\"\";display:block;position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:-18px;right:auto;left:26px;width:2px;height:12px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::before,.ziko-page .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::before{ content:\"\";display:block;position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:-22px;right:auto;left:22px;margin:0; border:5px solid transparent;border-top:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out{grid-column:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn + .zk-pipe__row{margin-top:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::after,.ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::before{display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-scheme{padding:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__flow{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__arr{transform:rotate(90deg);height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node{min-height:60px;} } .ziko-page .zk-callout{margin:0;padding:22px 26px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500); border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref .zk-callout{background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-callout b{display:block;margin:0 0 6px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-callout p{margin:0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-notes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide{grid-column:1 \/ -1;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:32px;padding:26px 28px;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide .zk-case__body{padding:0;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide .zk-case__why{margin:0;align-self:center;padding-left:20px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-400); color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline--8{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li.is-client::before{background:var(--accent-pink);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li.is-client span{color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){.ziko-page .zk-timeline--8{grid-template-columns:1fr;}} .ziko-page .zk-cases--one{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-cases--one .zk-case{grid-template-columns:320px 1fr;} @media (max-width:640px){.ziko-page .zk-cases--one .zk-case{grid-template-columns:1fr;}} .ziko-page .zk-trust{position:relative;z-index:2;margin-top:-64px;padding-bottom:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none; background:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:14px;margin:0;padding:26px 24px;list-style:none;border-left:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item::before{content:none;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:first-child{border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic{flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item.is-key .zk-trust__ic{background:var(--accent-mint);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item b{display:block;font:600 19px\/1.25 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item span:not(.zk-trust__ic){display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(3){border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(n+3){border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-trust{margin-top:-40px;padding-bottom:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item{padding:14px 18px;border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(n+2){border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic{width:38px;height:38px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item b{font-size:17px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item span:not(.zk-trust__ic){margin-top:3px;font-size:13px;} } .ziko-page .zk-choose{width:100%;min-width:680px;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-choose th,.ziko-page .zk-choose td{padding:16px 18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead th{font:600 13px\/1.3 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--text-muted);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th{font:500 16px\/1.35 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);width:30%;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font:400 13px\/1.4 var(--font-body);color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-choose .is-ro{background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead .is-ro{color:var(--blue-900);border-radius:var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-ro{border-radius:0 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-mark{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-mark::before{flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:22px;height:22px;border-radius:50%;font:700 12px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--yes::before{content:\"\u2713\";background:var(--accent-mint);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--part::before{content:\"~\";background:var(--accent-cream);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--no{color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--no::before{content:\"\u2013\";background:var(--grey-100);color:var(--grey-500);} .ziko-page .zk-choose-note{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.9fr 1.1fr;gap:40px;padding:32px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__cap{margin:0 0 6px;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-calc h3{margin:0 0 10px;font:500 22px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__in p{margin:0 0 20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__field{display:grid;gap:8px;margin:0 0 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__field label{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input{display:flex;align-items:center;border:1px solid var(--border-muted);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;overflow:hidden;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input:focus-within{border-color:var(--brand-accent);box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input input,.ziko-page .zk-calc__input select{flex:1;min-width:0;padding:14px 16px;border:0;background:transparent;font:500 20px\/1.2 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);outline:none;-moz-appearance:textfield;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input span{padding:0 16px;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__out{display:grid;gap:18px;align-content:start;padding:24px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split{display:flex;height:14px;border-radius:999px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split i{display:block;height:100%;background:var(--blue-500);transition:width .3s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split b{display:block;height:100%;flex:1;background:var(--accent-pink);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;margin-top:-10px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend span::before{content:\"\";display:inline-block;width:10px;height:10px;margin-right:6px;border-radius:2px;background:var(--blue-500);vertical-align:0;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend span+span::before{background:var(--accent-pink);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res div{padding:16px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res small{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res b{display:block;margin-top:6px;font:600 26px\/1.1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res em{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-style:normal;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-body);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__day{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__note{margin:0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-configs{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-config{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;margin:0;padding:24px 22px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth i{height:6px;border-radius:3px;background:var(--blue-100);} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth i.on{background:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-config h3{margin:0;font:500 19px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-config__chain{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1.4 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-config__out{margin:0;padding:10px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);background:var(--blue-050);font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-config__out b{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-config p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-config__ex{margin-top:auto !important;padding-top:10px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:13px !important;color:var(--text-muted) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;cursor:pointer;list-style:none; font:500 17px\/1.35 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary::after{content:\"+\";flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-500);font:500 20px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details[open]>summary::after{content:\"\u2013\";} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font:400 14px\/1.4 var(--font-body);color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details[open]>summary{margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-next--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:40px;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-calc{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-configs{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-next--3{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-calc{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__out{padding:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res b{font-size:24px;white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-configs{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-choose{min-width:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-choose,.ziko-page .zk-choose tbody,.ziko-page .zk-choose tr,.ziko-page .zk-choose th,.ziko-page .zk-choose td{display:block;width:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tr{padding:6px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th{width:auto;padding:14px 16px 6px;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:130px 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:start;padding:6px 16px;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td::before{content:attr(data-label);font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-choose td.is-ro{margin:4px 8px 8px;padding:8px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-ro{border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} } .ziko-page .zk-callout a{color:var(--blue-500);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-callout a:hover{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-case--text{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__link{display:inline-block;margin-top:18px;font-weight:500;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .is-out{grid-column:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-kv__p{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-notes{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;} } .ziko-page .zk-choose .is-hl{background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead .is-hl{color:var(--blue-900);border-radius:var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-hl{border-radius:0 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-configs--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-cases--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-compare--pair{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve{margin:0 0 40px;padding:28px 28px 20px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve figcaption{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1.2 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve ol{display:grid;gap:14px;margin:20px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:230px 1fr 140px;gap:20px;align-items:center;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__name b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__name small{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track{position:relative;height:12px;border-radius:999px;background:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track i{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:var(--a);width:var(--w);min-width:12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track i.is-end{left:auto;right:0;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__val{font:600 15px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl .zk-sieve__track i{background:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl .zk-sieve__name b{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl{margin:0 -12px;padding:10px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{margin-top:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{position:relative;height:18px;font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks span{position:absolute;top:0;left:var(--p);transform:translateX(-50%);white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks span:last-child{transform:translateX(-100%);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__note{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-configs--3,.ziko-page .zk-cases--3{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{grid-template-columns:1fr auto;gap:8px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{grid-column:1 \/ -1;grid-row:2;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis > span:not(.zk-sieve__ticks){display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-compare--pair{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve{padding:20px 16px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:-.01em;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td.is-hl{margin:4px 8px 8px;padding:8px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-hl{border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} } .ziko-page .zk-row__ic--txt{font:600 15px\/1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-risks--plain .zk-risk{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-risks--white .zk-risk{background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline--4{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-layers{margin:0;padding:28px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-layers figcaption{margin:0 0 18px;font:600 13px\/1.3 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:132px 1fr;gap:22px;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__band{position:relative;display:grid;place-items:center;min-height:62px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-right:3px solid var(--blue-300); background:#fff;color:var(--blue-500);font-size:20px;line-height:1;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row:first-of-type .zk-layers__band{border-top:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-radius:18px 18px 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row:last-of-type .zk-layers__band{border-bottom:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-radius:0 0 18px 18px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-water .zk-layers__band{background:#EAF6FD;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__band{min-height:118px;background-color:#2E2A2B; background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 30% 35%,#5A4638 0 2px,transparent 2.6px),radial-gradient(circle at 75% 70%,#433733 0 2.5px,transparent 3px);background-size:11px 11px,14px 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-sand .zk-layers__band{min-height:84px;background-color:#E6D7B5; background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 40% 40%,#C9B48A 0 1.6px,transparent 2px),radial-gradient(circle at 80% 75%,#F4EBD6 0 1.4px,transparent 2px);background-size:8px 8px,10px 10px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt{align-self:center;padding:12px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt span{display:block;margin-top:3px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__txt b,.ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-sand .zk-layers__txt b{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__note{margin:16px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-timeline--4{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-layers{padding:20px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row{grid-template-columns:72px 1fr;gap:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__band{min-height:96px;} } .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-picker fieldset{min-width:0;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-picker h3{margin-bottom:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-picker legend{display:block;width:auto;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0;border:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-picker [hidden]{display:none !important;} .ziko-page .zk-opt{display:grid;grid-template-columns:20px 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:start;margin:0;padding:14px 16px; border:1px solid var(--border-muted);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-weight:400;transition:border-color .15s var(--ease),background .15s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-opt + .zk-opt{margin-top:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-opt input{width:18px;height:18px;margin:2px 0 0;accent-color:var(--blue-900);cursor:pointer;} .ziko-page .zk-opt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-opt small{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:has(input:checked){border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-050);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:focus-within{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res h4{margin:6px 0 12px;font:600 28px\/1.15 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res p{margin:0 0 14px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res ul{margin:0 0 14px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li{position:relative;padding:5px 0 5px 24px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:0;top:5px;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li.is-minus::before{content:\"\u2013\";color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__ex{margin:0 !important;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--blue-150);font-size:14px !important;color:var(--text-heading) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-picker__ex a{font-weight:500;color:var(--blue-500);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-opt{transition:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why th:last-child,.ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td:last-child{text-align:left;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td:first-child{width:34%;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why thead{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why tr{display:block;padding:10px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td{display:block;width:auto !important;padding:2px 16px;border:0;} } .ziko-page .zk-steps{--zk-step:0;--zk-steps:3;} .ziko-page .zk-steps button{appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;margin:0;min-height:0;height:auto;width:auto;border:0;border-radius:0; background:none;box-shadow:none;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0;text-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs{position:relative;display:none;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);margin:0 0 28px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__tabs{display:grid;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:21px;left:22px;height:2px;border-radius:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before{right:calc(25% - 22px);background:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{width:calc(75% * var(--zk-step) \/ var(--zk-steps));background:var(--blue-500);transition:width .45s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]{position:relative;z-index:1;display:block;padding:0 20px 0 0;text-align:left;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;margin-bottom:14px;border:2px solid var(--blue-200);border-radius:50%; background:#fff;color:var(--blue-700);font:600 14px\/1 var(--font-display);transition:all .3s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b{display:block;font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);transition:color .2s;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__short{display:none;font-style:normal;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:hover .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"].is-done .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-500);background:var(--blue-500);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"true\"] .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff; box-shadow:0 0 0 6px rgba(22,150,206,.18);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"false\"] b{color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:focus{outline:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:focus-visible .zk-steps__dot{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel{display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:24px 56px;padding:40px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#fff;box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel + .zk-steps__panel{margin-top:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel + .zk-steps__panel{margin-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel[hidden]{display:none !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel{animation:zkStepIn .4s var(--ease) both;} @keyframes zkStepIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(10px);}to{opacity:1;transform:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-steps__k{margin:0 0 10px;font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead h3{margin:0 0 14px;font:600 30px\/1.15 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead p:not(.zk-steps__k){margin:0;font-size:18px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list{display:grid;gap:12px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;counter-reset:zks 0;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"2\"]{counter-reset:zks 1;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"3\"]{counter-reset:zks 2;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"4\"]{counter-reset:zks 3;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list--grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li{position:relative;margin:0;padding:18px 20px 18px 64px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li::before{counter-increment:zks;content:counter(zks);position:absolute;left:18px;top:16px;display:grid;place-items:center; width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-900);font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-display);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1.5px var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list b{display:block;margin:0 0 4px;font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list span{display:block;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note{display:grid;grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;gap:14px;align-items:start;margin-top:16px;padding:18px 20px; border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500);border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note b{display:block;margin:0 0 4px;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 28px 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;margin-top:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col{padding:18px 20px;border:1px dashed var(--blue-300);border-radius:var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko{border:0;background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__k{margin:0 0 10px !important;font:600 12px\/1.3 var(--font-accent) !important;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko .zk-handoff__k{color:var(--blue-400) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff li{position:relative;padding:5px 0 5px 18px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:12px;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko li{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko li::before{content:\"\u2713\";top:5px;left:0;width:auto;height:auto;background:none;color:var(--blue-400);font-weight:700;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__arr{display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:22px;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{grid-column:1\/-1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:16px 56px;align-items:center;padding:24px 28px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc h4{margin:0 0 8px;font:500 19px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc li{margin:0;padding:8px 14px 8px 32px;position:relative;border-radius:var(--radius-pill);background:#fff;font-size:14px;line-height:1.3;color:var(--text-heading);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:13px;top:8px;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav{grid-column:1\/-1;display:none;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__nav{display:flex;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button{padding:10px 0 !important;font:500 15px\/1.2 var(--font-display) !important;color:var(--blue-500) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button:hover{color:var(--blue-900) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);border-radius:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__end{margin:28px 0 0;font:500 18px\/1.4 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel,.ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b{font-size:15px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs{margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{top:19px;left:12.5%;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before{right:12.5%;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{width:calc(75% * var(--zk-step) \/ var(--zk-steps));} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]{padding:0;text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{width:40px;height:40px;margin:0 auto 8px;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs small{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__short{display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:1.2;color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"true\"] .zk-steps__short{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel{padding:24px 20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead h3{font-size:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead p:not(.zk-steps__k){font-size:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list--grid,.ziko-page .zk-handoff{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__arr{transform:rotate(90deg);height:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li{padding:16px 16px 16px 58px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li::before{left:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav{flex-wrap:wrap;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav .zk-btn{width:100%;text-align:center;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel{animation:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after,.ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{transition:none;} } .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:flex-end;margin-top:auto;padding-top:32px;min-height:220px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:-6px;width:86%;height:56%;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050) 0%,rgba(227,245,255,.6) 55%,rgba(227,245,255,0) 100%);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{position:relative;display:block;width:auto;max-width:92%;height:auto;max-height:270px;margin:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none; filter:drop-shadow(0 18px 22px rgba(39,62,102,.16));} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__media img{animation:zkStepImg .7s var(--ease) .08s both;} @keyframes zkStepImg{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(18px) scale(.95);}to{opacity:1;transform:none;}} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{min-height:0;padding-top:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{max-height:220px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{padding-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{max-height:170px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__media img{animation:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-obj{display:block;width:auto;height:auto;max-width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;background:none; filter:drop-shadow(0 12px 16px rgba(39,62,102,.16));} .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj{opacity:0;transform:translateY(16px) scale(.96); transition:opacity .6s var(--ease),transform .75s var(--ease);transition-delay:calc(var(--i,0) * 90ms);} .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj.is-in{opacity:1;transform:none;} .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row{grid-template-columns:96px 1fr;gap:20px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;width:96px;height:96px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle at 50% 62%,#fff 0%,var(--blue-050) 72%);transition:transform .35s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph .zk-obj{max-width:118px;max-height:90px;margin-bottom:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row:hover .zk-row__ph{transform:translateY(-3px);} .ziko-page .zk-fan--photo .zk-fan__to li{padding-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:120px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0;width:150px;height:46px;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph .zk-obj{position:relative;max-width:160px;max-height:112px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass{margin-top:36px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__obj{float:right;height:156px;max-width:none;margin:-52px -6px 6px 18px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after .zk-compare__obj{filter:drop-shadow(0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,.35));} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass .zk-compare__col::after{content:\"\";display:block;clear:both;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;height:210px;margin-top:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-50px;bottom:-16px;width:240px;height:90px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,rgba(106,197,232,.30),rgba(106,197,232,0));} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{position:relative;height:210px;max-width:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 18px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.4));} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:36px;} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-10px;bottom:-12px;width:300px;height:70px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj .zk-obj{position:relative;width:280px;max-width:100%;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{height:170px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{height:170px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row{grid-template-columns:72px 1fr;gap:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{width:72px;height:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph .zk-obj{max-width:90px;max-height:66px;margin-bottom:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan--photo .zk-fan__to li{padding-top:12px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph{flex:none;width:76px;height:68px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph::before{width:80px;height:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph .zk-obj{max-width:80px;max-height:64px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__obj{height:116px;margin:-40px -4px 4px 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass .zk-compare__col + .zk-compare__arrow + .zk-compare__col{margin-top:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{height:140px;margin-top:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{height:140px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj{opacity:1;transform:none;transition:none;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{transition:none;} } .ziko-page .zk-next li > .is-off{display:block;padding:16px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-tiles .is-off,.ziko-page .zk-chips .is-off{display:block;opacity:.75;cursor:default;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric{padding-top:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head{max-width:820px;margin-bottom:48px;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-eyebrow{color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-h1{margin:8px 0 16px;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-lead{margin:0;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-hcards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:24px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;padding:24px 28px 26px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#fff;color:var(--text-body);text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s var(--ease),box-shadow .25s var(--ease),transform .25s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;height:170px;margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0;width:80%;height:60px;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph .zk-obj{position:relative;max-width:240px;max-height:160px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__t{display:block;font:500 22px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__d{display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__go{display:block;margin-top:auto;padding-top:18px;font:500 15px\/1 var(--font-display);color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child{grid-column:1\/-1;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard{display:grid;grid-template-columns:320px 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto auto 1fr;column-gap:40px;align-items:start;padding:28px 36px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph{grid-row:1\/4;height:200px;margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph .zk-obj{max-width:300px;max-height:190px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__t{margin-top:24px;font-size:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore{margin-top:64px;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:0 40px;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list li{position:relative;padding:12px 0 12px 18px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:19px;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-hmore p{margin:0;max-width:720px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-hcards,.ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-rubric{padding-top:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards,.ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard{display:flex;padding:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph{height:150px;margin-bottom:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__t{margin-top:0;font-size:22px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-hcard{transition:none;}} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformname::before{content:\"\u0412\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f\";} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformtel::before{content:\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\";} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformldesc::before{content:\"\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformname::before{content:\"Your name\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformtel::before{content:\"Phone\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformldesc::before{content:\"Message \u2014 briefly about your site\";} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video{margin-top:72px;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.15fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video .zk-spot__media{order:2;padding:0;background:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#0d1e38;box-shadow:0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .ziko-page .zk-video img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;border-radius:0;transition:transform .6s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-video::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,30,56,0) 45%,rgba(13,30,56,.55));pointer-events:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video__play{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;z-index:1;width:84px;height:84px;margin:-42px 0 0 -42px;border-radius:50%; background:var(--accent-pink);box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.3);transition:transform .25s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:33px;top:26px;border-style:solid;border-width:16px 0 16px 26px; border-color:transparent transparent transparent var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:-10px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid rgba(246,209,227,.6);animation:zkPulse 2.4s var(--ease) infinite;} @keyframes zkPulse{0%{transform:scale(.9);opacity:.9;}70%,100%{transform:scale(1.35);opacity:0;}} .ziko-page .zk-video__lbl{position:absolute;left:20px;bottom:18px;z-index:1;padding:7px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-pill);background:rgba(255,255,255,.92); font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-video:hover img{transform:scale(1.03);} .ziko-page .zk-video:hover .zk-video__play{transform:scale(1.08);} .ziko-page .zk-video:focus{outline:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow),0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);} .ziko-page .zk-video__frame{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#000;box-shadow:0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-spot--video{margin-top:56px;grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video .zk-spot__media{order:0;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-video__play{width:64px;height:64px;margin:-32px 0 0 -32px;} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::before{left:25px;top:19px;border-width:13px 0 13px 21px;} .ziko-page .zk-video__lbl{left:12px;bottom:12px;font-size:11px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page .zk-video__play::after{animation:none;display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video img,.ziko-page .zk-video__play{transition:none;} }<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"ziko-page zk-v2\">\n\n  <section class=\"zk-section zk-hero\">\n    <div class=\"zk-hero__bg\" data-slot=\"MEDIA-01\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/media-01-hero-osmos-gen.webp\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1072\" fetchpriority=\"high\" alt=\"Cross-section of a spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane element: membrane layers around the central permeate tube\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-hero__content\">\n        <p class=\"zk-eyebrow\">Water treatment technologies<\/p>\n        <h1 class=\"zk-h1\">Industrial Reverse Osmosis Systems<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"zk-lead\">Desalination of water to your production requirements. We design and commission RO systems for your water and your required capacity.<\/p>\n        <ul class=\"zk-list zk-list--x\">\n          <li>Completed systems up to 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/li>\n          <li>Filtration limit below 0.0001&nbsp;\u00b5m<\/li>\n          <li>Membrane life 1.5\u20134 years<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <div class=\"zk-btn-row\">\n          <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Talk to an engineer<\/a>\n    <a class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--outline\" href=\"#zk-cta\">Order a water analysis<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <div class=\"zk-trust\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <ul class=\"zk-trust__row\">\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item is-key\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 .245.96l5.51 10.08A2 2 0 0 1 18 22H6a2 2 0 0 1-1.755-2.96l5.51-10.08A2 2 0 0 0 10 8V2\"\/><path d=\"M6.453 15h11.094\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 2h7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>In-house laboratory<\/b><span>water analysis and testing<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M15.48 12.89 17 22l-5-3-5 3 1.52-9.11\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>1,760+ completed projects<\/b><span>ZIKO experience since 1993<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>Up to 5-year warranty<\/b><span>on solutions and equipment, under the contract terms<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.7 6.3a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.4l1.6 1.6a1 1 0 0 0 1.4 0l3.77-3.77a6 6 0 0 1-7.94 7.94l-6.91 6.91a2.12 2.12 0 0 1-3-3l6.91-6.91a6 6 0 0 1 7.94-7.94l-3.76 3.76z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>Service across Ukraine<\/b><span>technical support and field service crews<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <nav class=\"zk-anchors\" aria-label=\"Page sections\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-anchors__in\">\n        <a href=\"#koly\">Applications<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#yak-pratsiuie\">How it works<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#na-vkhodi\">Water requirements<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#konfihuratsii\">Configurations<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#obiekty\">Projects<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#vartist\">Cost<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#ekspluatatsiia\">Service<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#pytannia\">FAQ<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-anchors__cta\">Get a quote<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/nav>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"koly\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"01\">Applications<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">What reverse osmosis is used for<\/h2>\n        <p>RO reduces salinity, which softening and ultrafiltration cannot do. If the only issue is scale or suspended solids, a simpler technology will cost less to run.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-tablewrap\">\n        <table class=\"zk-choose\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">What needs removing<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Softening<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Ultrafiltration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Nanofiltration<\/th><th scope=\"col\" class=\"is-ro\">Reverse osmosis<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Scale<small>hardness salts: calcium and magnesium<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Softening\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Nanofiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-ro\" data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Salinity<small>total dissolved solids<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Softening\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no: salts are exchanged<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Nanofiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">partly<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-ro\" data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Nitrates, chlorides, sodium<small>monovalent ions<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Softening\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Nanofiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">partly<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-ro\" data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Suspended solids, bacteria, viruses<small>turbidity and microbiology<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Softening\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Nanofiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-ro\" data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes, but needs pretreatment<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">What goes to drain<small>continuous flow or batch discharge<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Softening\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">spent brine from regeneration<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">backwash water<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Nanofiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">concentrate<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-ro\" data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">concentrate, 15\u201330% of the feed water<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"zk-choose-note\">The boundaries between technologies are not universal: the final choice depends on the water analysis and the treated water requirements.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:24px;\"><b>No salt for regeneration<\/b><p>RO needs no salt: you don\u2019t buy it, and there is less saline wastewater. See the economics in the <a href=\"#vartist\">Cost<\/a> section.<\/p><\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\" style=\"margin-top:48px;\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Where RO is used<\/h3>\n        <ul class=\"zk-chips\">\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15182\">Agriculture: poultry and livestock<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Car washes and AdBlue production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Breweries<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Energy, CHP plants, industrial boiler houses<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Pharmaceutical and medical production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15184\">Hotels, spas, restaurants, shopping malls<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/haluzi\/kharchova-pererobka\/\">Food processing<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Chemicals, cosmetics, household chemicals<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Other industrial production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Crop farming, greenhouses, irrigation<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Water and soft drink bottling<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Distilleries and spirits production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Textile and paper production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15178\">Water utilities and municipalities<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Educational institutions<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15180\">Housing, condominiums, residential complexes<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:32px;\"><b>Engineering approach<\/b><p>We don\u2019t sell standalone equipment: an engineer reviews your water analysis, decides whether you need RO and calculates the costs.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"yak-pratsiuie\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-layout\">\n        <div class=\"zk-layout__head\">\n          <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"02\">How it works<\/p>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">How RO works and what makes up the water balance<\/h2>\n          <p>Water passes through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure. Salts, organics and microorganisms stay on the feed side, so there are two outlet streams.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-scheme\" role=\"figure\" aria-label=\"Reverse osmosis diagram: raw water under pressure, membrane, about 75 percent treated water and 25 percent concentrate\">\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__cap\">Unit water balance<\/p>\n            <div class=\"zk-scheme__flow\">\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node\"><b>100%<\/b>raw water under pressure<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-main\">RO membrane<br>pores below 0.0001 \u00b5m<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-out\"><b>\u2248 75%<\/b><span>permeate, the treated water<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__note\">\u2248 25% is concentrate: the same salts, just at a higher concentration<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\">\n        <div class=\"zk-calc\" id=\"kalkuliator\">\n          <div class=\"zk-calc__in\">\n            <p class=\"zk-calc__cap\">Water balance calculator<\/p>\n            <h3>How much water to feed to get what you need<\/h3>\n            <p>Enter the treated water you need and the operating hours. The calculation assumes a typical recovery of about 75% permeate.<\/p>\n            <div class=\"zk-calc__field\">\n              <label for=\"zk-calc-q\">Treated water required<\/label>\n              <div class=\"zk-calc__input\"><input id=\"zk-calc-q\" type=\"number\" inputmode=\"decimal\" min=\"0\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"10\"><span>m\u00b3\/h<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-calc__field\">\n              <label for=\"zk-calc-h\">Operating mode<\/label>\n              <div class=\"zk-calc__input\"><select id=\"zk-calc-h\"><option value=\"8\">8 h per day<\/option><option value=\"12\" selected>12 h per day<\/option><option value=\"16\">16 h per day<\/option><option value=\"24\">24 h per day<\/option><\/select><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-calc__out\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n            <div class=\"zk-calc__split\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"About 75 percent of the feed water becomes permeate, 25 percent becomes concentrate\"><i style=\"width:75%\"><\/i><b><\/b><\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-calc__legend\"><span>permeate \u2248 75%<\/span><span>concentrate \u2248 25%<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-calc__res\">\n              <div><small>Feed to the unit<\/small><b><span id=\"zk-calc-feed\">13.3<\/span> m\u00b3\/h<\/b><em>range <span id=\"zk-calc-feed-r\">11.8\u201314.3 m\u00b3\/h<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n              <div><small>Concentrate to discharge<\/small><b><span id=\"zk-calc-conc\">3.3<\/span> m\u00b3\/h<\/b><em>range <span id=\"zk-calc-conc-r\">1.8\u20134.3 m\u00b3\/h<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"zk-calc__day\" id=\"zk-calc-day\">120 m\u00b3 of permeate in 12 h of operation \u2014 feed about 160 m\u00b3, discharge about 40 m\u00b3 of concentrate.<\/p>\n            <p class=\"zk-calc__note\">A starting point for the first conversation, not a design. The range assumes 70\u201385% recovery and excludes water for pretreatment and flushing. The engineer calculates the actual recovery from your water analysis.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-block\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">What drives the water balance<\/h3>\n        <ul class=\"zk-risks zk-risks--plain\">\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Feed water and product water<\/h4><p>Mineralization, hardness, salt composition, temperature, and the permeate quality you need.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Required capacity<\/h4><p>How much treated water you need and whether the source can supply enough raw water.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Consumption pattern<\/h4><p>Operating hours per day and peak loads.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Concentrate disposal<\/h4><p>How much there will be and where it goes.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec zk-sec--ref\" id=\"na-vkhodi\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"03\">Water requirements<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">What goes upstream of RO<\/h2>\n        <p>RO is almost never the first stage: mechanical filtration, iron removal and sorption come before it. We select the pretreatment for your source and water analysis.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <ul class=\"zk-risks zk-risks--plain zk-risks--white\" style=\"margin-bottom:32px;\">\n        <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Suspended solids and colloids<\/h4><p>Clog the membrane surface.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Iron, manganese, organics<\/h4><p>Deposit on the membrane and reduce capacity.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Chlorine and other oxidants<\/h4><p>Chemically damage the membrane.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Scaling risk<\/h4><p>We calculate whether salts will precipitate in the concentrate and whether an antiscalant is needed.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <div class=\"zk-refbox\">\n        <details>\n          <summary class=\"zk-refbox__sum\"><span>RO feed water requirements \u2014 16 parameters<small>ZIKO recommended guideline values for industrial systems<\/small><\/span><\/summary>\n          <div class=\"zk-tablewrap\">\n            <table class=\"zk-reftable\">\n              <thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Unit<\/th><th>Without antiscalant<\/th><th>With antiscalant<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n              <tbody>\n                <tr><td>Turbidity<\/td><td>NTU<\/td><td>\u2264 0.3<\/td><td>\u2264 0.3<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>SDI\u2081\u2085<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>\u2264 5; recommended &lt; 3<\/td><td>\u2264 5; recommended &lt; 3<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Total iron<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Manganese<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Aluminum<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><td>\u2264 0.05<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Free chlorine<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 0.1; recommended 0<\/td><td>\u2264 0.1; recommended 0<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Humic substances<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 10<\/td><td>\u2264 10<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>TOC, total organic carbon<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>recommended \u2264 3<\/td><td>recommended \u2264 3<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>COD<\/td><td>mg O\u2082\/L<\/td><td>recommended \u2264 10<\/td><td>recommended \u2264 10<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Petroleum products, oils, fats<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>virtually absent<\/td><td>virtually absent<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>pH<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>per calculation and membrane datasheet<\/td><td>per calculation and membrane datasheet<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Total hardness (Ca\u00b2\u207a + Mg\u00b2\u207a)<\/td><td>mg-eq\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 3<\/td><td>\u2264 30<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Silicates<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>\u2264 20<\/td><td>\u2264 20<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Total dissolved solids (TDS)<\/td><td>mg\/L<\/td><td>depends on the RO type<\/td><td>depends on the RO type<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>preferably \u2264 0 in the concentrate<\/td><td>may be &gt; 0 per calculation<\/td><\/tr>\n                <tr><td>Inlet pressure to the equipment<\/td><td>bar<\/td><td>at least 3<\/td><td>at least 3<\/td><\/tr>\n              <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"zk-p\" style=\"margin-top:16px;font-size:14px;\">There is no universal limit for the Langelier index of the feed water. Carbonate scaling risk is assessed by the calculated LSI of the concentrate, taking into account water composition, temperature, pH and permeate recovery. With an antiscalant, the acceptable positive value is set by calculation and the reagent manufacturer\u2019s recommendations.<\/p>\n        <\/details>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-duo\" style=\"margin-top:48px;align-items:center;\">\n        <div>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">ZIKO laboratory testing<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"zk-p\">ZIKO has its own laboratory. We draw up the technical specification from the analysis and, if needed, test treatment technologies on samples of your water.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:24px;\"><b>Send your analysis \u2014 an engineer will check it against the table<\/b><p>And tell you whether further testing is needed.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-btn-row\" style=\"margin-top:24px;\"><a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Send a water analysis<\/a><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/osmos-laboratoriia-kolonky.webp\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);\" alt=\"ZIKO lab test rig: four clear columns with different filter media for water testing\"><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"konfihuratsii\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"04\">Configurations<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">What water quality you can get<\/h2>\n        <p>The scheme is set by the water quality you need, not by the number of stages. ZIKO\u2019s practical threshold is a conductivity of about 0.5 \u00b5S\/cm: below that, electrodeionization is required.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <ul class=\"zk-configs\">\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><div class=\"zk-config__depth\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/div><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">RO<\/p><h3>Single-pass RO<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Conductivity <b>above 5 \u00b5S\/cm<\/b>; for 1\u20135, one or two passes depending on the feed water<\/p><p>Reduces hardness, mineralization and other dissolved impurities.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">Applications: food industry, boiler houses, process water, industrial and commercial facilities<\/p><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><div class=\"zk-config__depth\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/div><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">RO \u2192 remineralization or pH adjustment<\/p><h3>RO with composition adjustment<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Water with a <b>target mineral composition<\/b> or pH after desalination<\/p><p>After the membranes, we adjust pH and minerals or blend streams.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">Applications: beverages, food industry, processes with water composition requirements<\/p><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><div class=\"zk-config__depth\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/div><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">RO I \u2192 RO II<\/p><h3>Double-pass RO<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Conductivity <b>0.5\u20131 \u00b5S\/cm<\/b>; the limit is verified by calculation<\/p><p>First-pass permeate goes through another membrane.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">Applications: steam generators, chemicals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals<\/p><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><div class=\"zk-config__depth\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><i class=\"on\"><\/i><\/div><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">RO I \u2192 RO II \u2192 EDI<\/p><h3>RO plus electrodeionization<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Conductivity <b>below 0.5 \u00b5S\/cm<\/b>; for a stable &lt; 0.2, EDI is mandatory<\/p><p>Two RO passes plus electrodeionization remove dissolved ions almost completely.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">Applications: steam turbines and high-pressure boilers, electronics, AdBlue, laboratory water<\/p><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec zk-sec--accent\" id=\"obiekty\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"05\">Completed projects<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">RO systems already in operation<\/h2>\n        <p>From a 2&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h unit for a steam turbine to 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h at a food plant.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-spot\">\n        <div class=\"zk-spot__media\" data-slot=\"MEDIA-02\">\n          <div class=\"zk-scheme\" role=\"figure\" aria-label=\"Site diagram for a steam turbine: 130 \u00b5m disc filters, first- and second-pass RO, electrodeionization, conductivity 0.11\u20130.15 \u00b5S\/cm\">\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__cap\">Energy \u00b7 2 m\u00b3\/h<\/p>\n            <div class=\"zk-scheme__flow\">\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node\">130 \u00b5m disc filters<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-main\">RO I + RO II + EDI<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-out\"><b>0.11\u20130.15<\/b><span>\u00b5S\/cm<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__note\">steam turbine feed<\/p>\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__cap zk-scheme__cap--sub\">Why this scheme<\/p>\n            <div class=\"zk-scheme__opt\"><span class=\"zk-scheme__mark\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2715<\/span><div><b>Double-pass RO only<\/b><span>usually keeps conductivity above ~0.5 \u00b5S\/cm<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-scheme__opt is-yes\"><span class=\"zk-scheme__mark\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2713<\/span><div><b>RO + electrodeionization<\/b><span>a stable fraction of a microsiemens, which is what the turbine needs<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <p class=\"zk-meta\">Energy \u00b7 water treatment for a turbine<\/p>\n          <h3>Deep desalination for a steam turbine<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"zk-metrics\">\n            <div class=\"zk-metric\"><b>2 m\u00b3\/h<\/b><span>48 m\u00b3\/day<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-metric\"><b>0.11\u20130.15<\/b><span>\u00b5S\/cm at the outlet<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-metric\"><b>7+ years<\/b><span>in operation<\/span><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"zk-spot__use\">Scheme: 130 \u00b5m disc filters \u2192 first-pass RO \u2192 second-pass RO \u2192 electrodeionization.<\/p>\n          <p class=\"zk-quote\">The turbine requires no more than 0.2 \u00b5S\/cm: the system meets it with margin.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <ul class=\"zk-cases\">\n        <li class=\"zk-case\">\n          <div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/osmos-kharchove-100-m3.webp\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Industrial 100 m\u00b3\/h reverse osmosis system in a plant: pumps, stainless steel filters, control cabinets and membrane housings\"><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-case__body\">\n            <p class=\"zk-meta\">Food production<\/p>\n            <h3>Reverse osmosis \u2014 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/h3>\n            <ul>\n              <li>In operation for <b>over a year<\/b><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-case\">\n          <div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/osmos-tekstyl-40-m3.webp\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"40 m\u00b3\/h reverse osmosis unit: skid with membrane housings, vertical pump and control cabinet\"><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-case__body\">\n            <p class=\"zk-meta\">Textile production \u00b7 Rivne region<\/p>\n            <h3>Reverse osmosis \u2014 40&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/h3>\n            <ul>\n              <li>We developed the engineering solution and the system for the plant<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-case\">\n          <div data-slot=\"MEDIA-03\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-70-1-1-jpg.webp\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Reverse osmosis unit in the water treatment system of a juice and puree plant\"><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-case__body\">\n            <p class=\"zk-meta\">Juices and purees \u00b7 Irpin<\/p>\n            <h3>Water for the product and steam generators<\/h3>\n            <ul>\n              <li><b>30 m\u00b3\/h<\/b> \u2014 water for the product, for the concentrate steam generators and for heating<\/li>\n              <li>Industrial reverse osmosis unit and pumping stations<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/project\/vertogrand-juice-vyrobnytstvo-kontsentrovanykh-sokiv\/\">Project details \u2192<\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-case\">\n          <div data-slot=\"MEDIA-05\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4eed4f8b6a7c4d17b00b96f33411a462-1-jpg.webp\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Industrial reverse osmosis unit at a feed mill\"><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-case__body\">\n            <p class=\"zk-meta\">Animal feed \u00b7 Lviv region<\/p>\n            <h3>Water to match the feed recipe<\/h3>\n            <ul>\n              <li>RO and a <b>remineralization station<\/b> bring the water composition in line with the recipe<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/project\/kormotech\/\">Project details \u2192<\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <p class=\"zk-more\">RO also runs at <a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/project\/suchasnyj-it-ofis-kompanii-softserve-u-m-lviv\/\">an office complex in Lviv<\/a> and at <a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/project\/m-iaso-molochnyj-kombinat-ahro-pobut-servis\/\">a meat and dairy plant<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-softband\">\n        <p><b>Want to know which configuration you need?<\/b>Send us your water analysis and required capacity \u2014 a ZIKO engineer will select the scheme and calculate the water balance.<\/p>\n        <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Get a consultation<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"vartist\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"06\">Cost<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Costs more upfront, less to run<\/h2>\n        <p>We price the system from your water analysis, capacity and treated water requirements.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-duo\">\n        <div>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">What drives the figure<\/h3>\n          <ul class=\"zk-factors\">\n            <li>Raw water composition and pretreatment<\/li>\n            <li>Capacity and operating schedule<\/li>\n            <li>Permeate quality: conductivity and number of passes<\/li>\n            <li>Where the concentrate goes<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\" style=\"margin-top:32px;\">RO or ion exchange softening<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"zk-p\">Softening constantly consumes salt and produces saline wastewater. RO works without salt but uses electricity, chemicals and membranes, and produces concentrate.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:24px;\"><b>The second argument is wastewater<\/b><p>After RO, the wastewater mineralization is about 1,500 mg\/L versus 25,000 mg\/L for ion exchange regeneration water. Such regeneration water cannot always be discharged to the sewer: that depends on its actual composition and the sewer operator\u2019s terms.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <figure class=\"zk-econ\" aria-labelledby=\"zk-econ-t\">\n          <figcaption id=\"zk-econ-t\">Cheaper to buy \u2260 cheaper to run<\/figcaption>\n          <p class=\"zk-econ__sub\">Two schemes compared for an 800 m\u00b3\/day site<\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-legend\"><span class=\"k--ix\">Ion exchange<\/span><span class=\"k--ro\">Reverse osmosis<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-bars\">\n            <div class=\"zk-bars__group\">\n              <p class=\"zk-bars__label\">Investment<\/p>\n              <div class=\"zk-bar zk-bar--ix\" title=\"Ion exchange: $99,510 investment\"><span>Ion exchange<\/span><span class=\"zk-bar__track\"><i class=\"zk-bar__fill\" style=\"--v:45.6%\"><\/i><b class=\"zk-bar__val\">$99,510<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-bar zk-bar--ro\" title=\"Reverse osmosis: $187,589 investment\"><span>Reverse osmosis<\/span><span class=\"zk-bar__track\"><i class=\"zk-bar__fill\" style=\"--v:86%\"><\/i><b class=\"zk-bar__val\">$187,589<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"zk-bars__group\">\n              <p class=\"zk-bars__label\">Operating cost per year<\/p>\n              <div class=\"zk-bar zk-bar--ix\" title=\"Ion exchange: $77,000 operating cost per year\"><span>Ion exchange<\/span><span class=\"zk-bar__track\"><i class=\"zk-bar__fill\" style=\"--v:35.3%\"><\/i><b class=\"zk-bar__val\">$77,000<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-bar zk-bar--ro\" title=\"Reverse osmosis: $13,645 operating cost per year\"><span>Reverse osmosis<\/span><span class=\"zk-bar__track\"><i class=\"zk-bar__fill\" style=\"--v:6.3%\"><\/i><b class=\"zk-bar__val\">$13,645<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <ul class=\"zk-econ__facts\">\n            <li>The difference in investment pays back in <b>2 years<\/b><\/li>\n            <li>Cost of treated water \u2014 about <b>UAH 0.02 per liter<\/b><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/figure>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec zk-sec--ref\" id=\"ekspluatatsiia\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"07\">Operation and service<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">From design to stable operation<\/h2>\n        <p>From water analysis and calculations to commissioning and service.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-steps\" id=\"zk-steps\">\n        <div class=\"zk-steps__tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Work stages\">\n          <button type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"zks-t1\" aria-controls=\"zks-p1\" aria-selected=\"true\"><span class=\"zk-steps__dot\">01<\/span><b>Survey and analysis<\/b><small>step 1<\/small><i class=\"zk-steps__short\">Analysis<\/i><\/button>\n          <button type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"zks-t2\" aria-controls=\"zks-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\"><span class=\"zk-steps__dot\">02<\/span><b>Calculation and solution<\/b><small>step 2<\/small><i class=\"zk-steps__short\">Calculation<\/i><\/button>\n          <button type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"zks-t3\" aria-controls=\"zks-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\"><span class=\"zk-steps__dot\">03<\/span><b>Design<\/b><small>step 3<\/small><i class=\"zk-steps__short\">Design<\/i><\/button>\n          <button type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"zks-t4\" aria-controls=\"zks-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\"><span class=\"zk-steps__dot\">04<\/span><b>Installation, start-up and service<\/b><small>steps 4\u20137<\/small><i class=\"zk-steps__short\">Start-up<\/i><\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"zk-steps__panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"zks-p1\" aria-labelledby=\"zks-t1\">\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__lead\">\n            <p class=\"zk-steps__k\">Stage 01 of 04<\/p>\n            <h3>Survey and analysis<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"zk-steps__media\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-etap-1-gen.webp\" width=\"716\" height=\"620\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A water sample bottle, a flask and test tubes for laboratory water analysis\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__body\">\n            <ol class=\"zk-steps__list\" start=\"1\">\n              <li><b>Water analysis<\/b><span>Laboratory testing and water requirements<\/span><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__nav\"><span><\/span><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"1\">Next: calculation <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"zk-steps__panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"zks-p2\" aria-labelledby=\"zks-t2\">\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__lead\">\n            <p class=\"zk-steps__k\">Stage 02 of 04<\/p>\n            <h3>Calculation and solution<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"zk-steps__media\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-etap-2-gen.webp\" width=\"720\" height=\"454\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A clipboard with a technical specification and a water treatment diagram, a ruler and a TDS meter\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__body\">\n            <ol class=\"zk-steps__list\" start=\"2\">\n              <li><b>Engineering calculation<\/b><span>Process solution and water balance<\/span><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__nav\"><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2190<\/span> Back<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"2\">Next: design <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"zk-steps__panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"zks-p3\" aria-labelledby=\"zks-t3\">\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__lead\">\n            <p class=\"zk-steps__k\">Stage 03 of 04<\/p>\n            <h3>Design<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"zk-steps__media\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-etap-3-gen.webp\" width=\"720\" height=\"579\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Two water treatment vessels with automatic control valves and a brine tank\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__body\">\n            <ol class=\"zk-steps__list\" start=\"3\">\n              <li><b>Design package<\/b><span>Technical documentation and approvals<\/span><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__nav\"><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"1\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2190<\/span> Back<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"3\">Next: installation, start-up and service <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"zk-steps__panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"zks-p4\" aria-labelledby=\"zks-t4\">\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__lead\">\n            <p class=\"zk-steps__k\">Stage 04 of 04<\/p>\n            <h3>Installation, start-up and service<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"zk-steps__media\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-etap-4-gen.webp\" width=\"720\" height=\"529\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A ball valve with a pressure gauge, wrenches, PTFE tape and a filter cartridge for installation and service\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__body\">\n            <ol class=\"zk-steps__list zk-steps__list--grid\" start=\"4\">\n              <li><b>Equipment supply<\/b><\/li>\n              <li><b>Installation<\/b><\/li>\n              <li><b>Commissioning<\/b><span>Setting operating modes, staff training<\/span><\/li>\n              <li><b>Service<\/b><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-kv\" style=\"grid-column:1\/-1;margin-top:0;\">\n            <div>\n              <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Service life and cleaning<\/h3>\n              <dl>\n                <div><dt>Membranes<\/dt><dd>1.5\u20134 years<small>with regular chemical cleaning, 4\u20135<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n                <div><dt>Chemical cleaning<\/dt><dd>at least 2 times a year<small>at pH 3<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n                <div><dt>Pretreatment cartridges<\/dt><dd>at least once every 3 months<\/dd><\/div>\n              <\/dl>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n              <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Operating mode<\/h3>\n              <dl>\n                <div><dt>Time to reach steady state after start-up<\/dt><dd>4\u20135 hours<\/dd><\/div>\n                <div><dt>Minimum run time<\/dt><dd>at least 1 hour per day<\/dd><\/div>\n                <div><dt>Downtime over 48 hours<\/dt><dd>preservation<small>with a special solution<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n              <\/dl>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__svc\">\n            <div>\n              <h4>Service support<\/h4>\n              <p>Warranty and post-warranty service.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul>\n              <li>Diagnostics<\/li>\n              <li>Pretreatment checks<\/li>\n              <li>Replacement of consumables<\/li>\n              <li>Consultations<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-steps__nav\"><button type=\"button\" data-go=\"2\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2190<\/span> Back<\/button><a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Talk to an engineer<\/a><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\" style=\"margin-top:48px;\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Automation and control<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"zk-p\" style=\"margin:0 0 20px;\">If needed, we equip the RO system with automation and remote monitoring.<\/p>\n        <ul class=\"zk-risks zk-risks--plain zk-risks--white\">\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Parameter monitoring<\/h4><p>Pressure, differential pressure, flow rate, conductivity, pH and water levels.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Control and protection<\/h4><p>Start, stop, flushing; alarm states, pumps and dosing.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Remote access<\/h4><p>You can see the system status and control the main functions remotely.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n          <li class=\"zk-risk\"><div><h4>Membrane chemical cleaning (CIP)<\/h4><p>Scheduled based on flow rate, differential pressure and salt passage.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-duo\" style=\"margin-top:48px;align-items:center;\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-callout\"><b>Where the concentrate goes<\/b><p>Roughly 15\u201330% of the feed water becomes concentrate: the same salts and impurities, plus chemical residues.<\/p>\n            <ul class=\"zk-ticks\" style=\"margin-top:12px;\">\n              <li>Most often to the sewer, if the volume and composition meet the acceptance conditions<\/li>\n              <li>Equalization with other wastewater<\/li>\n              <li>Further treatment<\/li>\n              <li>Reuse of part of it (<a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/ziko-360\/\">ZIKO 360<\/a>)<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div><img src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/osmos-montazh-peredochystky.webp\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);\" alt=\"ZIKO installers fitting pipework next to the pretreatment vessels\"><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"pytannia\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-layout\">\n        <div class=\"zk-layout__head\">\n          <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"08\">FAQ<\/p>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Industrial RO: frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n          <p>Didn\u2019t find your question? Ask an engineer using the form below.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-faq__obj\"><img class=\"zk-obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/mekh-obj-m1-membrana-v2-gen.webp\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane element\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"zk-faq\">\n          <details open><summary>Reverse osmosis or ion exchange softening: which pays off better?<\/summary><p>Both technologies reduce hardness, and RO also reduces salinity. If scale is the only issue, softening is often enough. RO costs more upfront but needs no salt regeneration, so at large volumes it is cheaper to run. We compare options without being tied to any equipment manufacturer.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>How do you size an RO system?<\/summary><p>From your treated water demand, operating mode and permeate recovery. For example, at 75% recovery, 10 m\u00b3\/h of treated water requires about 13.3 m\u00b3\/h of feed water. There will be about 3.3 m\u00b3\/h of concentrate.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>When do you need one RO pass and when two?<\/summary><p>It depends on the outlet conductivity you need. Above 5 \u00b5S\/cm, one pass is usually enough; for 1\u20135 \u00b5S\/cm, one or two. For 0.5\u20131 \u00b5S\/cm, you need two passes. Below 0.5 \u00b5S\/cm, electrodeionization is added after RO to keep the value stable. Example: <a href=\"#obiekty\">water for a steam turbine<\/a>.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>How long do membranes last?<\/summary><p>From 1.5 to 4 years. With regular chemical cleaning, at least twice a year, their life extends to 4\u20135 years. Without care, membranes fail within a year or two.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Can an RO system run on a production schedule?<\/summary><p>Yes, if you follow the start-up, shutdown and flushing procedures. The unit must run for at least an hour a day, otherwise biofouling develops on the membranes. Downtime over 48 hours requires preservation with a special solution.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Can I feed RO directly with mains or well water?<\/summary><p>No, you need pretreatment. At the RO inlet: iron \u2264 0.05 mg\/L, turbidity \u2264 0.3 NTU, free chlorine \u2264 0.1 mg\/L, pressure \u2265 3 bar. We select the pretreatment from the analysis and, if needed, test the water on filter media.<\/p><\/details>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-section zk-section--invert zk-cta-sec--obj\" id=\"zk-cta\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-cta\">\n        <div>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Need an industrial reverse osmosis system?<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"zk-lead\" style=\"color:#fff;opacity:.9;\">Send us your water analysis and required capacity \u2014 an engineer will select the scheme and calculate the investment and running costs. No analysis yet? We\u2019ll test your water in the ZIKO laboratory. Consultation and preliminary estimate are free.<\/p>\n          <p class=\"zk-cta__phone\">Phone: <a href=\"tel:+380959321273\">+38 095 93 21 273<\/a><\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-cta__obj\"><img class=\"zk-obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-obj-c1-proba-gen.webp\" width=\"377\" height=\"640\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Water sample bottles for laboratory analysis\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-formbox\">\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f12551-o1\" lang=\"en-US\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"12551\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15188#wpcf7-f12551-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Contact form\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"12551\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.1.5\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"en_US\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f12551-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" value=\"\" \/>\n<\/fieldset>\n<p><label class=\"contactformname\"><br \/>\n<a>Full Name<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-name\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" autocomplete=\"name\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-name\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformemail\"><br \/>\n<a>Email<\/a> <span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-email\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email\" autocomplete=\"email\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"email\" name=\"your-email\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformtel\"><br \/>\n<a>Phone Number<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"tel-500\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-tel wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-tel\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"tel\" name=\"tel-500\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformldesc\"><br \/>\n<a>Your Message (optional)<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-message\"><textarea cols=\"40\" rows=\"10\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"your-message\"><\/textarea><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Send\" \/>\n<\/p><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\"><h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Where to go next<\/h2><\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-next\">\n        <div>\n          <h3>Related technologies<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Water softening<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15192\">Ultrafiltration (UF)<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Nanofiltration (NF)<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Electrodeionization (EDI) and deep demineralization<\/span><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h3>Water sources<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Boreholes and groundwater sources<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Mains water supply<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/ziko-360\/\">ZIKO 360 \u2014 reuse of treated wastewater<\/a><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Service\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/zvorotnyj-osmos\/#service\",\"name\":\"Reverse osmosis (RO)\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/zvorotnyj-osmos\/\",\"serviceType\":\"Industrial water treatment\",\"provider\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"ZIKO\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/\"},\"areaServed\":{\"@type\":\"Country\",\"name\":\"Ukraine\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Desalination of water to your production requirements. 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We design and commission RO systems for your water and your required capacity. Completed systems up to 100&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h Filtration limit below 0.0001&nbsp;\u00b5m Membrane life 1.5\u20134 years Talk to an engineer Order a water analysis In-house laboratorywater analysis and testing 1,760+ completed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"parent":15176,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15188","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Industrial reverse osmosis: desalination to your process needs, systems up to 100 m\u00b3\/h, water balance and pretreatment design, service by ZIKO.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/zvorotnyj-osmos\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta 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