{"id":15192,"date":"2026-10-30T12:57:15","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T10:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/?page_id=15192"},"modified":"2026-10-30T12:57:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T10:57:47","slug":"ultrafiltratsiya","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/ultrafiltratsiya\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrafiltration for Industrial Water Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style id=\"ziko-sections-vp-v2-css\">@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Geologica:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Rubik:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Raleway:wght@500;600&display=swap'); .ziko-page { --blue-900:#273E66; --blue-800:#2B3C5B; --blue-700:#3B66A2; --blue-600:#598ECA; --blue-500:#1696CE; --blue-400:#6AC5E8; --blue-300:#9AB4DB; --blue-200:#B8CBE6; --blue-150:#C7E2EC; --blue-100:#E5EEF6; --blue-050:#E3F5FF; --blue-electric:#0045FF; --accent-pink:#F6D1E3; --accent-mint:#A9D9C0; --accent-cream:#F5E6D3; 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input[type=submit]:hover,.ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-submit:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-spinner{margin:8px auto 0;} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-not-valid-tip{color:#ffd9d9;font-size:13px;margin-top:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-formbox .wpcf7-response-output{color:#fff;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.4) !important;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;} .zk-linkcard{display:block;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg); padding:28px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--text-heading);transition:box-shadow var(--dur,200ms) var(--ease),transform var(--dur,200ms) var(--ease);} .zk-linkcard:hover{box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px);} .zk-linkcard h3{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:18px;font-weight:var(--fw-medium);margin:0 0 10px;} .zk-linkcard span{color:var(--link);font-size:14px;font-weight:var(--fw-medium);} .zk-textlink{color:var(--link);font-weight:var(--fw-medium);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-200);} .zk-textlink:hover{color:var(--link-hover);border-color:var(--link-hover);} .zk-softcta{background:var(--color-surface-invert);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);padding:48px;text-align:center;color:var(--white);} .zk-softcta .zk-h2{color:var(--white);margin-bottom:20px;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page{--gutter:40px;--section-y:72px;--text-hero:44px;--text-h2:32px;} .zk-hero__grid,.zk-split,.zk-cta{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px;} .zk-stats{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .zk-grid--4{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} .zk-steps--3,.zk-steps--4,.zk-steps--5{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} .zk-grid--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page{--gutter:20px;--section-y:56px;--text-hero:36px;--text-h1:34px;--text-h2:28px;} .zk-stats,.zk-grid--4,.zk-grid--3,.zk-grid--2,.zk-steps--3,.zk-steps--4,.zk-steps--5{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .zk-hero{min-height:440px;padding:64px 0;} .zk-hero__badge{display:none;} .zk-btn{width:100%;} .zk-btn-row{flex-direction:column;} } body:has(.ziko-page) .kl-blog-page-title{display:none;} body:has(.ziko-page) #content.site-content{margin-top:0;} body:has(.ziko-page) #th-content-page{padding-bottom:0;} body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>[class*=\"col-md-9\"], body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>[class*=\"col-sm-8\"]{ width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;flex:0 0 100%!important; left:auto!important;right:auto!important;float:none!important;} body:has(.zk-v2) .site-content .container>.row>aside{display:none!important;} body:has(.zk-v2) #page_wrapper{overflow:visible;overflow-x:clip;} .ziko-page{--zk-top:114px;} @media (max-width:1024px){.ziko-page{--zk-top:65px;}} .ziko-page [id]{scroll-margin-top:calc(var(--zk-top) + 72px);} .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:96px 0;background:var(--white);} .ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec{border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref{background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref + .zk-sec,.ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec--ref, .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent + .zk-sec,.ziko-page .zk-sec + .zk-sec--accent{border-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent{background:var(--color-surface-invert);color:var(--text-on-dark);} .ziko-page .zk-num{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0 0 16px; font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-num::before{content:attr(data-n);display:inline-grid;place-items:center;width:28px;height:28px; border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-700);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;} .ziko-page .zk-head{max-width:780px;margin:0 0 48px;} .ziko-page .zk-head .zk-h2,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head .zk-h2{font-size:38px;margin:0 0 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-head p,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head p{margin:0;color:var(--text-muted);font-size:17px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-h2{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-head p{color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-num{color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-num::before{background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(260px,4fr) 8fr;gap:64px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-layout__head{position:sticky;top:calc(var(--zk-top) + 88px);} .ziko-page .zk-block + .zk-block{margin-top:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout + .zk-block{margin-top:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-subh{margin:0 0 18px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-proof{position:relative;z-index:2;margin-top:-64px;padding-bottom:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);background:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item{padding:28px 32px;border-left:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item:first-child{border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num{font:600 40px\/1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num small{margin-left:6px;font-size:18px;font-weight:500;color:var(--blue-700);letter-spacing:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__lbl{margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors{position:sticky;top:var(--zk-top);z-index:50;background:rgba(255,255,255,.96); -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors__in{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:12px 0;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors__in::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a{flex:none;padding:9px 16px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-pill); background:#fff;color:var(--blue-800);font:500 14px\/1 var(--font-body);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .2s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a:hover{border-color:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.is-active{background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.zk-anchors__cta{margin-left:auto;background:var(--brand-cta);border-color:var(--brand-cta);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-rows{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0 40px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;gap:16px;padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-row h3,.ziko-page .zk-row h4,.ziko-page .zk-risk h3,.ziko-page .zk-risk h4{margin:2px 0 6px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-row p,.ziko-page .zk-risk p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-risks{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-risk{display:grid;grid-template-columns:34px 1fr;gap:14px;padding:22px 24px 22px 20px; border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500);border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-risk svg{width:30px;height:30px;margin-top:0;color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-risk p b{color:var(--blue-900);font-weight:600;} .ziko-page .zk-compare{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 56px 1fr;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col{padding:28px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--before{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after{background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col h4{margin:0 0 16px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:inherit;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--before h4{color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-compare ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-compare li{position:relative;padding:0 0 12px 26px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;} .ziko-page .zk-compare li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:7px;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--grey-300);} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after li::before{content:\"\u2713\";top:0;left:0;width:auto;height:auto;border-radius:0;background:none;color:var(--blue-400);font-weight:700;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__arrow{display:grid;place-items:center;color:var(--blue-300);font-size:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox{padding:28px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox .zk-subh{margin-bottom:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th{padding:10px 0;text-align:left;font:600 12px var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted);border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding:12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-150);color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td:nth-child(2){font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td:last-child,.ziko-page .zk-reftable th:last-child{text-align:right;color:var(--text-muted);font-weight:400;} .ziko-page .zk-refnote{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:12px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-tile{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;height:100%;padding:18px 20px; border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;color:var(--blue-800); font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-tile::after{content:\"\u2192\";flex:none;color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-tile:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-chip{display:inline-block;padding:10px 16px;border:1px dashed var(--blue-300);border-radius:var(--radius-pill); color:var(--blue-800);font-size:15px;text-decoration:none;} .ziko-page .zk-chip::before{content:\"+ \";color:var(--blue-500);font-weight:600;} .ziko-page .zk-chip:hover{border-style:solid;border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-hint{margin:20px 0 0;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-spot{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.05fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:center;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media{padding:16px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-meta{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-spot h3{margin:12px 0 24px;font:500 30px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-metric{padding:18px 16px 18px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-metric + .zk-metric{padding-left:16px;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-metric b{display:block;font:600 28px\/1.1 var(--font-display);color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.01em;} .ziko-page .zk-metric span{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-spot__use{margin:18px 0 0;color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-quote{margin:20px 0 0;padding-left:18px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-400);color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-cases{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin:56px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-case{display:grid;grid-template-columns:210px 1fr;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);} .ziko-page .zk-case img{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:200px;object-fit:cover;} .ziko-page .zk-case__body{padding:22px 24px;} .ziko-page .zk-case h3{margin:8px 0 12px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-case ul{margin:0 0 14px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-case li{padding:3px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--blue-100);} .ziko-page .zk-case li b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent a{color:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent a:hover{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-more{margin:20px 0 0;font-size:15px;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-softband{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;margin-top:48px;padding:26px 32px; border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:rgba(255,255,255,.06);} .ziko-page .zk-softband p{margin:0;max-width:640px;color:var(--blue-100);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;} .ziko-page .zk-softband b{display:block;margin-bottom:4px;color:#fff;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--accent .zk-softband .zk-btn{flex:none;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-econ{margin:0;padding:28px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-econ figcaption{margin:0 0 4px;font:500 20px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-econ__sub{margin:0 0 16px;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-legend{display:flex;gap:20px;margin:0 0 18px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-legend span{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-legend span::before{content:\"\";width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:3px;background:var(--econ-c);} .ziko-page .zk-econ .k--ro,.ziko-page .zk-bar--ro{--econ-c:#3B66A2;} .ziko-page .zk-econ .k--ix,.ziko-page .zk-bar--ix{--econ-c:#8A8A8A;} .ziko-page .zk-bars__group + .zk-bars__group{margin-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-bars__label{margin:0 0 8px;font:600 12px var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-bar{display:grid;grid-template-columns:120px 1fr;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin-bottom:2px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-bar__track{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-bar__fill{display:block;width:var(--v);height:14px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;background:var(--econ-c);} .ziko-page .zk-bar__val{flex:none;font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);font-size:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ__facts{margin:20px 0 0;padding:16px 0 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);list-style:none;display:grid;gap:6px;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ__facts b{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-factors{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-factors li{padding:14px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-factors li:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-duo{display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:56px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(7,1fr);margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;counter-reset:st;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li{position:relative;padding:46px 18px 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::before{counter-increment:st;content:counter(st);position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;display:grid;place-items:center; width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;font:600 14px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:15px;left:32px;right:0;height:2px;background:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li:last-child::after{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline b{display:block;margin-bottom:6px;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline span{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-kv{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin-top:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-kv > div{padding:8px 24px 16px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-kv .zk-subh{margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-kv dl{margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-kv dl > div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;gap:16px;padding:13px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dt{font-size:15px;font-weight:400;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dd{margin:0;text-align:right;font-weight:600;font-size:15px;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-kv dd small{display:block;font-weight:400;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-ticks{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-ticks li{position:relative;padding:13px 0 13px 26px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-ticks li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:0;top:13px;color:var(--blue-500);font-weight:700;} .ziko-page .zk-next{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:56px;} .ziko-page .zk-next h3{margin:0 0 8px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-next ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-next a{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;padding:16px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle); color:var(--blue-800);font-size:16px;text-decoration:none;} .ziko-page .zk-next a::after{content:\"\u2192\";color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-next a:hover{color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-sec .zk-faq{max-width:none;margin:0;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:72px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layout,.ziko-page .zk-spot,.ziko-page .zk-duo{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:32px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout + .zk-block{margin-top:48px;} .ziko-page .zk-layout__head{position:static;} .ziko-page .zk-cases,.ziko-page .zk-kv,.ziko-page .zk-next{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li{padding:0 0 22px 50px;min-height:32px;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li::after{top:32px;bottom:0;left:15px;right:auto;width:2px;height:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-anchors a.zk-anchors__cta{display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-sec{padding:56px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-head .zk-h2,.ziko-page .zk-layout__head .zk-h2{font-size:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof{margin-top:-40px;padding-bottom:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:108px 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:baseline;padding:14px 18px;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-proof__item:first-child{border-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num{font-size:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__num small{display:block;margin:4px 0 0;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-proof__lbl{margin-top:0;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-rows,.ziko-page .zk-risks,.ziko-page .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-compare{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__arrow{height:40px;transform:rotate(90deg);} .ziko-page .zk-case{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-case img{min-height:0;aspect-ratio:16\/9;} .ziko-page .zk-metrics{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-metric + .zk-metric{padding-left:0;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);} .ziko-page .zk-softband{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;padding:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-bar{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-econ,.ziko-page .zk-refbox{padding:20px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-anchors a,.ziko-page .zk-tile{transition:none;}} .admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:146px;} @media (max-width:1024px){.admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:97px;}} @media (max-width:782px){.admin-bar .ziko-page{--zk-top:111px;}} .ziko-page .zk-refbox .zk-tablewrap{border-color:var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th,.ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable th{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:12px;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable td{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;padding:40px 32px 36px; border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:4px; min-width:300px;padding:22px 36px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:var(--blue-900);text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:-34px;width:3px;height:34px;margin-left:-1.5px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__cap{font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src b{font:500 24px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src span:last-child{font-size:14px;color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:20px;width:100%; margin:68px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:-34px;left:12.5%;right:12.5%;height:3px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0; padding:26px 20px 24px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:-34px;left:50%;width:3px;height:34px;margin-left:-1.5px;background:var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:52px;height:52px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic svg{width:26px;height:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li > div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to b{font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to span:last-child{font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe{padding:32px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__cap{margin:0 0 24px;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:32px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;gap:6px;margin:0;min-height:128px; padding:20px 22px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;right:-26px;width:20px;height:2px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;right:-27px;margin-top:-5px; border:5px solid transparent;border-left:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-right:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__n{font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row b{font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row small{font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src{align-items:flex-start;border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src b{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-src small{color:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out{grid-column:span 2;border-color:var(--accent-mint);background:var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out small{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn{position:relative;height:44px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;height:50%;left:10%;right:10%; border-right:2px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:2px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom-right-radius:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:50%;bottom:6px;left:10%; border-left:2px solid var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn i{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:10%;margin-left:-4px; border:5px solid transparent;border-top:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;padding:28px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__cap{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__flow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 28px 1.25fr 28px 1fr;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:84px;padding:12px; border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;text-align:center;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-main{border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out{border:2px solid var(--blue-400);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out b{font:600 20px\/1.2 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node.is-out span{font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__arr{display:grid;place-items:center;color:var(--blue-500);font-size:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__note{margin:0;font-size:14px;text-align:center;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__cap--sub{margin-top:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt{display:grid;grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin:0;padding:14px 18px; border:1px solid var(--grey-200);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt.is-yes{border:2px solid var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__mark{display:grid;place-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--accent-pink);color:var(--blue-900);font:700 18px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt.is-yes .zk-scheme__mark{background:var(--accent-mint);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__opt div span{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-spot__media{padding:0;background:none;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-fan{padding:24px 16px;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src{min-width:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__src::after{height:24px;bottom:-24px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:12px;margin-top:24px;padding-left:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to::before{top:0;bottom:36px;left:9px;right:auto;width:3px;height:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:16px;text-align:left;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li::before{top:50%;left:-13px;width:13px;height:3px;margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ic{flex:none;width:44px;height:44px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__to li > div{align-items:flex-start;gap:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li{min-height:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::after,.ziko-page .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::after{ content:\"\";display:block;position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:-18px;right:auto;left:26px;width:2px;height:12px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row li:not(:last-child)::before,.ziko-page .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::before{ content:\"\";display:block;position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:-22px;right:auto;left:22px;margin:0; border:5px solid transparent;border-top:7px solid var(--blue-300);border-bottom:0;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__row .is-out{grid-column:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe__turn + .zk-pipe__row{margin-top:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::after,.ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .zk-pipe__row.is-first li:last-child::before{display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-scheme{padding:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__flow{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__arr{transform:rotate(90deg);height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-scheme__node{min-height:60px;} } .ziko-page .zk-callout{margin:0;padding:22px 26px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500); border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-sec--ref .zk-callout{background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-callout b{display:block;margin:0 0 6px;font:500 18px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-callout p{margin:0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-notes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide{grid-column:1 \/ -1;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:32px;padding:26px 28px;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide .zk-case__body{padding:0;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide .zk-case__why{margin:0;align-self:center;padding-left:20px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-400); color:var(--blue-100);font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline--8{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li.is-client::before{background:var(--accent-pink);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-timeline li.is-client span{color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){.ziko-page .zk-timeline--8{grid-template-columns:1fr;}} .ziko-page .zk-cases--one{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-cases--one .zk-case{grid-template-columns:320px 1fr;} @media (max-width:640px){.ziko-page .zk-cases--one .zk-case{grid-template-columns:1fr;}} .ziko-page .zk-trust{position:relative;z-index:2;margin-top:-64px;padding-bottom:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none; background:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:14px;margin:0;padding:26px 24px;list-style:none;border-left:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item::before{content:none;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:first-child{border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic{flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item.is-key .zk-trust__ic{background:var(--accent-mint);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item b{display:block;font:600 19px\/1.25 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item span:not(.zk-trust__ic){display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(3){border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(n+3){border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-trust{margin-top:-40px;padding-bottom:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__row{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item{padding:14px 18px;border-left:0;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item:nth-child(n+2){border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-trust__ic{width:38px;height:38px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item b{font-size:17px;} .ziko-page .zk-trust__item span:not(.zk-trust__ic){margin-top:3px;font-size:13px;} } .ziko-page .zk-choose{width:100%;min-width:680px;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;font-size:15px;} .ziko-page .zk-choose th,.ziko-page .zk-choose td{padding:16px 18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead th{font:600 13px\/1.3 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--text-muted);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th{font:500 16px\/1.35 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);width:30%;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font:400 13px\/1.4 var(--font-body);color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-choose .is-ro{background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead .is-ro{color:var(--blue-900);border-radius:var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-ro{border-radius:0 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-mark{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-mark::before{flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:22px;height:22px;border-radius:50%;font:700 12px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--yes::before{content:\"\u2713\";background:var(--accent-mint);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--part::before{content:\"~\";background:var(--accent-cream);color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--no{color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-mark--no::before{content:\"\u2013\";background:var(--grey-100);color:var(--grey-500);} .ziko-page .zk-choose-note{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.9fr 1.1fr;gap:40px;padding:32px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__cap{margin:0 0 6px;font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-calc h3{margin:0 0 10px;font:500 22px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__in p{margin:0 0 20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__field{display:grid;gap:8px;margin:0 0 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__field label{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input{display:flex;align-items:center;border:1px solid var(--border-muted);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;overflow:hidden;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input:focus-within{border-color:var(--brand-accent);box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input input,.ziko-page .zk-calc__input select{flex:1;min-width:0;padding:14px 16px;border:0;background:transparent;font:500 20px\/1.2 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);outline:none;-moz-appearance:textfield;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__input span{padding:0 16px;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-muted);white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__out{display:grid;gap:18px;align-content:start;padding:24px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split{display:flex;height:14px;border-radius:999px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split i{display:block;height:100%;background:var(--blue-500);transition:width .3s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__split b{display:block;height:100%;flex:1;background:var(--accent-pink);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;margin-top:-10px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend span::before{content:\"\";display:inline-block;width:10px;height:10px;margin-right:6px;border-radius:2px;background:var(--blue-500);vertical-align:0;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__legend span+span::before{background:var(--accent-pink);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res div{padding:16px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res small{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res b{display:block;margin-top:6px;font:600 26px\/1.1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res em{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-style:normal;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-body);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__day{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-calc__note{margin:0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-configs{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-config{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;margin:0;padding:24px 22px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:4px;} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth i{height:6px;border-radius:3px;background:var(--blue-100);} .ziko-page .zk-config__depth i.on{background:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-config h3{margin:0;font:500 19px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-config__chain{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1.4 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-config__out{margin:0;padding:10px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);background:var(--blue-050);font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-config__out b{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-config p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-config__ex{margin-top:auto !important;padding-top:10px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:13px !important;color:var(--text-muted) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;cursor:pointer;list-style:none; font:500 17px\/1.35 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary::after{content:\"+\";flex:none;display:grid;place-items:center;width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-500);font:500 20px\/1 var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details[open]>summary::after{content:\"\u2013\";} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details>summary small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font:400 14px\/1.4 var(--font-body);color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-refbox details[open]>summary{margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-next--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:40px;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-calc{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-configs{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-next--3{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-calc{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__out{padding:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-calc__res b{font-size:24px;white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-configs{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-choose{min-width:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-choose,.ziko-page .zk-choose tbody,.ziko-page .zk-choose tr,.ziko-page .zk-choose th,.ziko-page .zk-choose td{display:block;width:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tr{padding:6px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody th{width:auto;padding:14px 16px 6px;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:130px 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:start;padding:6px 16px;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td::before{content:attr(data-label);font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-choose td.is-ro{margin:4px 8px 8px;padding:8px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-ro{border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} } .ziko-page .zk-callout a{color:var(--blue-500);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-callout a:hover{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-case--text{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot__link{display:inline-block;margin-top:18px;font-weight:500;} .ziko-page .zk-pipe--short .is-out{grid-column:auto;} .ziko-page .zk-kv__p{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-notes{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-case--wide{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;} } .ziko-page .zk-choose .is-hl{background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-choose thead .is-hl{color:var(--blue-900);border-radius:var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-hl{border-radius:0 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-configs--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-cases--3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-compare--pair{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve{margin:0 0 40px;padding:28px 28px 20px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve figcaption{margin:0;font:600 13px\/1.2 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve ol{display:grid;gap:14px;margin:20px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:230px 1fr 140px;gap:20px;align-items:center;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__name b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__name small{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track{position:relative;height:12px;border-radius:999px;background:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track i{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:var(--a);width:var(--w);min-width:12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track i.is-end{left:auto;right:0;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__val{font:600 15px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl .zk-sieve__track i{background:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl .zk-sieve__name b{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li.is-hl{margin:0 -12px;padding:10px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{margin-top:10px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{position:relative;height:18px;font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks span{position:absolute;top:0;left:var(--p);transform:translateX(-50%);white-space:nowrap;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks span:last-child{transform:translateX(-100%);} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__note{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-configs--3,.ziko-page .zk-cases--3{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve li,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis{grid-template-columns:1fr auto;gap:8px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__track,.ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{grid-column:1 \/ -1;grid-row:2;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__axis > span:not(.zk-sieve__ticks){display:none;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-compare--pair{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve{padding:20px 16px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-sieve__ticks{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:-.01em;} .ziko-page .zk-choose td.is-hl{margin:4px 8px 8px;padding:8px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} .ziko-page .zk-choose tbody tr:last-child .is-hl{border-radius:var(--radius-sm);} } .ziko-page .zk-row__ic--txt{font:600 15px\/1 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-risks--plain .zk-risk{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-risks--white .zk-risk{background:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-timeline--4{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-layers{margin:0;padding:28px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--color-surface-wash);} .ziko-page .zk-layers figcaption{margin:0 0 18px;font:600 13px\/1.3 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:132px 1fr;gap:22px;align-items:stretch;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__band{position:relative;display:grid;place-items:center;min-height:62px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-right:3px solid var(--blue-300); background:#fff;color:var(--blue-500);font-size:20px;line-height:1;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row:first-of-type .zk-layers__band{border-top:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-radius:18px 18px 0 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row:last-of-type .zk-layers__band{border-bottom:3px solid var(--blue-300);border-radius:0 0 18px 18px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-water .zk-layers__band{background:#EAF6FD;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__band{min-height:118px;background-color:#2E2A2B; background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 30% 35%,#5A4638 0 2px,transparent 2.6px),radial-gradient(circle at 75% 70%,#433733 0 2.5px,transparent 3px);background-size:11px 11px,14px 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-sand .zk-layers__band{min-height:84px;background-color:#E6D7B5; background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 40% 40%,#C9B48A 0 1.6px,transparent 2px),radial-gradient(circle at 80% 75%,#F4EBD6 0 1.4px,transparent 2px);background-size:8px 8px,10px 10px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt{align-self:center;padding:12px 0;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__txt span{display:block;margin-top:3px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__txt b,.ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-sand .zk-layers__txt b{color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-layers__note{margin:16px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-timeline--4{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-layers{padding:20px 16px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row{grid-template-columns:72px 1fr;gap:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-layers__row.is-cat .zk-layers__band{min-height:96px;} } .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);} .ziko-page .zk-picker fieldset{min-width:0;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;border:0;} .ziko-page .zk-picker h3{margin-bottom:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-picker legend{display:block;width:auto;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0;border:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-picker [hidden]{display:none !important;} .ziko-page .zk-opt{display:grid;grid-template-columns:20px 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:start;margin:0;padding:14px 16px; border:1px solid var(--border-muted);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-weight:400;transition:border-color .15s var(--ease),background .15s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-opt + .zk-opt{margin-top:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-opt input{width:18px;height:18px;margin:2px 0 0;accent-color:var(--blue-900);cursor:pointer;} .ziko-page .zk-opt b{display:block;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-opt small{display:block;margin-top:2px;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:has(input:checked){border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-050);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-opt:focus-within{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res h4{margin:6px 0 12px;font:600 28px\/1.15 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res p{margin:0 0 14px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res ul{margin:0 0 14px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li{position:relative;padding:5px 0 5px 24px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:0;top:5px;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__res li.is-minus::before{content:\"\u2013\";color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-picker__ex{margin:0 !important;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--blue-150);font-size:14px !important;color:var(--text-heading) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-picker__ex a{font-weight:500;color:var(--blue-500);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-methods .zk-tiles{grid-template-columns:1fr;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-opt{transition:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why th:last-child,.ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td:last-child{text-align:left;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td:first-child{width:34%;font-weight:500;color:var(--text-heading);} @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why thead{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why tr{display:block;padding:10px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-reftable--why td{display:block;width:auto !important;padding:2px 16px;border:0;} } .ziko-page .zk-steps{--zk-step:0;--zk-steps:3;} .ziko-page .zk-steps button{appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;margin:0;min-height:0;height:auto;width:auto;border:0;border-radius:0; background:none;box-shadow:none;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0;text-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--font-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs{position:relative;display:none;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);margin:0 0 28px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__tabs{display:grid;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:21px;left:22px;height:2px;border-radius:2px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before{right:calc(25% - 22px);background:var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{width:calc(75% * var(--zk-step) \/ var(--zk-steps));background:var(--blue-500);transition:width .45s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]{position:relative;z-index:1;display:block;padding:0 20px 0 0;text-align:left;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{display:grid;place-items:center;width:44px;height:44px;margin-bottom:14px;border:2px solid var(--blue-200);border-radius:50%; background:#fff;color:var(--blue-700);font:600 14px\/1 var(--font-display);transition:all .3s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b{display:block;font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);transition:color .2s;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs small{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__short{display:none;font-style:normal;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:hover .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"].is-done .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-500);background:var(--blue-500);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"true\"] .zk-steps__dot{border-color:var(--blue-900);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff; box-shadow:0 0 0 6px rgba(22,150,206,.18);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"false\"] b{color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:focus{outline:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]:focus-visible .zk-steps__dot{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel{display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:24px 56px;padding:40px;border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#fff;box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel + .zk-steps__panel{margin-top:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel + .zk-steps__panel{margin-top:0;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel[hidden]{display:none !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel{animation:zkStepIn .4s var(--ease) both;} @keyframes zkStepIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(10px);}to{opacity:1;transform:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-steps__k{margin:0 0 10px;font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead h3{margin:0 0 14px;font:600 30px\/1.15 var(--font-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead p:not(.zk-steps__k){margin:0;font-size:18px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list{display:grid;gap:12px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;counter-reset:zks 0;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"2\"]{counter-reset:zks 1;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"3\"]{counter-reset:zks 2;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list[start=\"4\"]{counter-reset:zks 3;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list--grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li{position:relative;margin:0;padding:18px 20px 18px 64px;border:1px solid var(--border-subtle);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li::before{counter-increment:zks;content:counter(zks);position:absolute;left:18px;top:16px;display:grid;place-items:center; width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-900);font:600 13px\/1 var(--font-display);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1.5px var(--blue-200);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list b{display:block;margin:0 0 4px;font:500 17px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list span{display:block;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note{display:grid;grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;gap:14px;align-items:start;margin-top:16px;padding:18px 20px; border-left:3px solid var(--blue-500);border-radius:0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;background:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__ic{display:grid;place-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--blue-050);color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__ic svg{width:22px;height:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note b{display:block;margin:0 0 4px;font:500 16px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__note p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 28px 1fr;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;margin-top:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col{padding:18px 20px;border:1px dashed var(--blue-300);border-radius:var(--radius-md);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko{border:0;background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__k{margin:0 0 10px !important;font:600 12px\/1.3 var(--font-accent) !important;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text-muted) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko .zk-handoff__k{color:var(--blue-400) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff li{position:relative;padding:5px 0 5px 18px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:12px;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko li{color:#fff;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__col.is-ziko li::before{content:\"\u2713\";top:5px;left:0;width:auto;height:auto;background:none;color:var(--blue-400);font-weight:700;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__arr{display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:22px;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{grid-column:1\/-1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:5fr 7fr;gap:16px 56px;align-items:center;padding:24px 28px;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--blue-050);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc h4{margin:0 0 8px;font:500 19px\/1.3 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc p{margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc li{margin:0;padding:8px 14px 8px 32px;position:relative;border-radius:var(--radius-pill);background:#fff;font-size:14px;line-height:1.3;color:var(--text-heading);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--blue-150);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc li::before{content:\"\u2713\";position:absolute;left:13px;top:8px;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav{grid-column:1\/-1;display:none;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__nav{display:flex;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button{padding:10px 0 !important;font:500 15px\/1.2 var(--font-display) !important;color:var(--blue-500) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button:hover{color:var(--blue-900) !important;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav button:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow);border-radius:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__end{margin:28px 0 0;font:500 18px\/1.4 var(--font-display);color:var(--blue-900);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel,.ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b{font-size:15px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs{margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{top:19px;left:12.5%;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::before{right:12.5%;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after{width:calc(75% * var(--zk-step) \/ var(--zk-steps));} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [role=\"tab\"]{padding:0;text-align:center;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{width:40px;height:40px;margin:0 auto 8px;font-size:13px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs b,.ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs small{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__short{display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:1.2;color:var(--blue-700);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs [aria-selected=\"true\"] .zk-steps__short{font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__panel{padding:24px 20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead h3{font-size:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead p:not(.zk-steps__k){font-size:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list--grid,.ziko-page .zk-handoff{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-handoff__arr{transform:rotate(90deg);height:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li{padding:16px 16px 16px 58px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__list li::before{left:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__svc{padding:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav{flex-wrap:wrap;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__nav .zk-btn{width:100%;text-align:center;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__panel{animation:none;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__tabs::after,.ziko-page .zk-steps__dot{transition:none;} } .ziko-page .zk-steps__lead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:flex-end;margin-top:auto;padding-top:32px;min-height:220px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:-6px;width:86%;height:56%;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050) 0%,rgba(227,245,255,.6) 55%,rgba(227,245,255,0) 100%);} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{position:relative;display:block;width:auto;max-width:92%;height:auto;max-height:270px;margin:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none; filter:drop-shadow(0 18px 22px rgba(39,62,102,.16));} .ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__media img{animation:zkStepImg .7s var(--ease) .08s both;} @keyframes zkStepImg{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(18px) scale(.95);}to{opacity:1;transform:none;}} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{min-height:0;padding-top:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{max-height:220px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-steps__media{padding-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-steps__media img{max-height:170px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-steps.is-ready .zk-steps__media img{animation:none;}} .ziko-page .zk-obj{display:block;width:auto;height:auto;max-width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;background:none; filter:drop-shadow(0 12px 16px rgba(39,62,102,.16));} .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj{opacity:0;transform:translateY(16px) scale(.96); transition:opacity .6s var(--ease),transform .75s var(--ease);transition-delay:calc(var(--i,0) * 90ms);} .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj.is-in{opacity:1;transform:none;} .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row{grid-template-columns:96px 1fr;gap:20px;align-items:start;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;width:96px;height:96px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle at 50% 62%,#fff 0%,var(--blue-050) 72%);transition:transform .35s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph .zk-obj{max-width:118px;max-height:90px;margin-bottom:8px;} .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row:hover .zk-row__ph{transform:translateY(-3px);} .ziko-page .zk-fan--photo .zk-fan__to li{padding-top:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:120px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0;width:150px;height:46px;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph .zk-obj{position:relative;max-width:160px;max-height:112px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass{margin-top:36px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__obj{float:right;height:156px;max-width:none;margin:-52px -6px 6px 18px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__col--after .zk-compare__obj{filter:drop-shadow(0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,.35));} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass .zk-compare__col::after{content:\"\";display:block;clear:both;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;height:210px;margin-top:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-50px;bottom:-16px;width:240px;height:90px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,rgba(106,197,232,.30),rgba(106,197,232,0));} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{position:relative;height:210px;max-width:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 18px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.4));} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:36px;} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-10px;bottom:-12px;width:300px;height:70px;border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj .zk-obj{position:relative;width:280px;max-width:100%;} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-faq__obj{display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{height:170px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{height:170px;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-rows--photo .zk-row{grid-template-columns:72px 1fr;gap:16px;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{width:72px;height:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph .zk-obj{max-width:90px;max-height:66px;margin-bottom:6px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan--photo .zk-fan__to li{padding-top:12px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph{flex:none;width:76px;height:68px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph::before{width:80px;height:26px;} .ziko-page .zk-fan__ph .zk-obj{max-width:80px;max-height:64px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare__obj{height:116px;margin:-40px -4px 4px 14px;} .ziko-page .zk-compare--glass .zk-compare__col + .zk-compare__arrow + .zk-compare__col{margin-top:24px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj{height:140px;margin-top:20px;} .ziko-page .zk-cta__obj .zk-obj{height:140px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page.zk-reveal .zk-obj{opacity:1;transform:none;transition:none;} .ziko-page .zk-row__ph{transition:none;} } .ziko-page .zk-next li > .is-off{display:block;padding:16px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-tiles .is-off,.ziko-page .zk-chips .is-off{display:block;opacity:.75;cursor:default;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric{padding-top:72px;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head{max-width:820px;margin-bottom:48px;} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-eyebrow{color:var(--blue-500);} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-h1{margin:8px 0 16px;color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-rubric__head .zk-lead{margin:0;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-hcards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:24px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;padding:24px 28px 26px;border:1px solid var(--blue-150);border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#fff;color:var(--text-body);text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s var(--ease),box-shadow .25s var(--ease),transform .25s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard:hover{border-color:var(--blue-500);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center;height:170px;margin-bottom:18px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0;width:80%;height:60px;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--blue-050),rgba(227,245,255,0));} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__ph .zk-obj{position:relative;max-width:240px;max-height:160px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__t{display:block;font:500 22px\/1.25 var(--font-display);color:var(--text-heading);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__d{display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} .ziko-page .zk-hcard__go{display:block;margin-top:auto;padding-top:18px;font:500 15px\/1 var(--font-display);color:var(--link);} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child{grid-column:1\/-1;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard{display:grid;grid-template-columns:320px 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto auto 1fr;column-gap:40px;align-items:start;padding:28px 36px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph{grid-row:1\/4;height:200px;margin:0;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph .zk-obj{max-width:300px;max-height:190px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__t{margin-top:24px;font-size:28px;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore{margin-top:64px;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:0 40px;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;list-style:none;} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list li{position:relative;padding:12px 0 12px 18px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-subtle);font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text-body);} .ziko-page .zk-hmore__list li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:19px;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--blue-300);} .ziko-page .zk-hmore p{margin:0;max-width:720px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text-muted);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-hcards,.ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-rubric{padding-top:40px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards,.ziko-page .zk-hmore__list{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard{display:flex;padding:22px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__ph{height:150px;margin-bottom:14px;} .ziko-page .zk-hcards li:only-child .zk-hcard__t{margin-top:0;font-size:22px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ziko-page .zk-hcard{transition:none;}} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformname::before{content:\"\u0412\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f\";} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformtel::before{content:\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\";} html[lang^=\"ru\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformldesc::before{content:\"\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformname::before{content:\"Your name\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformtel::before{content:\"Phone\";} html[lang^=\"en\"] .ziko-page .zk-formbox label.contactformldesc::before{content:\"Message \u2014 briefly about your site\";} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video{margin-top:72px;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.15fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video .zk-spot__media{order:2;padding:0;background:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border-radius:var(--radius-lg); background:#0d1e38;box-shadow:0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;} .ziko-page .zk-video img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;border-radius:0;transition:transform .6s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-video::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,30,56,0) 45%,rgba(13,30,56,.55));pointer-events:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video__play{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;z-index:1;width:84px;height:84px;margin:-42px 0 0 -42px;border-radius:50%; background:var(--accent-pink);box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.3);transition:transform .25s var(--ease);} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:33px;top:26px;border-style:solid;border-width:16px 0 16px 26px; border-color:transparent transparent transparent var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:-10px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid rgba(246,209,227,.6);animation:zkPulse 2.4s var(--ease) infinite;} @keyframes zkPulse{0%{transform:scale(.9);opacity:.9;}70%,100%{transform:scale(1.35);opacity:0;}} .ziko-page .zk-video__lbl{position:absolute;left:20px;bottom:18px;z-index:1;padding:7px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius-pill);background:rgba(255,255,255,.92); font:600 12px\/1 var(--font-accent);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-900);} .ziko-page .zk-video:hover img{transform:scale(1.03);} .ziko-page .zk-video:hover .zk-video__play{transform:scale(1.08);} .ziko-page .zk-video:focus{outline:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--focus-shadow),0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);} .ziko-page .zk-video__frame{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius-lg);background:#000;box-shadow:0 24px 48px rgba(0,0,0,.35);} @media (max-width:1024px){ .ziko-page .zk-spot--video{margin-top:56px;grid-template-columns:1fr;} .ziko-page .zk-spot--video .zk-spot__media{order:0;} } @media (max-width:640px){ .ziko-page .zk-video__play{width:64px;height:64px;margin:-32px 0 0 -32px;} .ziko-page .zk-video__play::before{left:25px;top:19px;border-width:13px 0 13px 21px;} .ziko-page .zk-video__lbl{left:12px;bottom:12px;font-size:11px;} } @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .ziko-page .zk-video__play::after{animation:none;display:none;} .ziko-page .zk-video img,.ziko-page .zk-video__play{transition:none;} }<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"ziko-page zk-v2\">\n\n  <section class=\"zk-section zk-hero\">\n    <div class=\"zk-hero__bg\" data-slot=\"MEDIA-01\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/media-01-hero-uf-gen.webp\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1072\" fetchpriority=\"high\" alt=\"A bundle of hollow fibers of an ultrafiltration membrane in a module cross-section\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-hero__content\">\n        <p class=\"zk-eyebrow\">Water treatment technologies<\/p>\n        <h1 class=\"zk-h1\">Ultrafiltration for Industrial Water Treatment<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"zk-lead\">Consistent water quality and equipment protection: the membrane retains suspended solids, colloids and bacteria without coagulants or settling tanks. Our projects range from a hotel complex to a community station for 1,000\u20132,000\u00a0m\u00b3\/day.<\/p>\n        <ul class=\"zk-list zk-list--x\">\n          <li>Pores 0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m<\/li>\n          <li>Backwash takes 5\u201310 minutes<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <div class=\"zk-btn-row\">\n          <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Size an ultrafiltration system<\/a>\n    <a class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--outline\" href=\"#zk-cta\">Order a water analysis<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <div class=\"zk-trust\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <ul class=\"zk-trust__row\">\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item is-key\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 .245.96l5.51 10.08A2 2 0 0 1 18 22H6a2 2 0 0 1-1.755-2.96l5.51-10.08A2 2 0 0 0 10 8V2\"\/><path d=\"M6.453 15h11.094\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 2h7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>In-house laboratory<\/b><span>water analysis and testing<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M15.48 12.89 17 22l-5-3-5 3 1.52-9.11\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>1,760+ completed projects<\/b><span>ZIKO experience since 1993<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>Up to 5-year warranty<\/b><span>on solutions and equipment, under the contract terms<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-trust__item\"><span class=\"zk-trust__ic\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M14.7 6.3a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.4l1.6 1.6a1 1 0 0 0 1.4 0l3.77-3.77a6 6 0 0 1-7.94 7.94l-6.91 6.91a2.12 2.12 0 0 1-3-3l6.91-6.91a6 6 0 0 1 7.94-7.94l-3.76 3.76z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><div><b>Service across Ukraine<\/b><span>technical support and field service crews<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <nav class=\"zk-anchors\" aria-label=\"Page sections\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-anchors__in\">\n        <a href=\"#koly\">Choosing a technology<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#yak-pratsiuie\">How it works<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#u-skhemi\">Applications<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#ekspluatatsiia\">Cleaning and service<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#dosvid\">Experience<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#vartist\">Cost<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#pytannia\">FAQ<\/a>\n        <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-anchors__cta\">Get a quote<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/nav>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"koly\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"01\">Choosing a technology<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Ultrafiltration or another treatment technology?<\/h2>\n        <p>UF removes suspended solids and colloids and reduces turbidity and microbiological contamination. It does not reduce salts or hardness. UF is installed as a separate stage or as part of a combined treatment scheme.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-tablewrap\">\n        <table class=\"zk-choose\">\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">What needs removing<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanical filtration<\/th><th scope=\"col\" class=\"is-hl\">Ultrafiltration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Reverse osmosis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">UV disinfection<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Mechanical impurities<small>sand, scale flakes, particles from 20 \u00b5m<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Mechanical filtration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-hl\" data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">yes, but mechanical filtration before UF is mandatory<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no: pretreatment needed<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"UV disinfection\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Turbidity and colloids<small>fine suspended solids, clay, oxidized iron<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Mechanical filtration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">partly: down to 20 \u00b5m<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-hl\" data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no: feed turbidity must be \u2264&nbsp;0.3 NTU<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"UV disinfection\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Microbiological contamination<small>bacteria and protozoa<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Mechanical filtration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-hl\" data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">retains physically<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">retains, if the membranes are intact<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"UV disinfection\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">inactivates, but does not remove<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">Salts and hardness<small>mineralization, scale<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Mechanical filtration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-hl\" data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no: composition stays the same<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--yes\">removes<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"UV disinfection\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">no<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><th scope=\"row\">What goes to drain<small>continuous flow or batch discharge<\/small><\/th><td data-label=\"Mechanical filtration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">backwash water<\/span><\/td><td class=\"is-hl\" data-label=\"Ultrafiltration\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">backwash water<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Reverse osmosis\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--part\">concentrate, 15\u201330% of the feed water<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"UV disinfection\"><span class=\"zk-mark zk-mark--no\">nothing<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"zk-choose-note\">The result depends on the raw water, the equipment and the operating mode.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\" style=\"margin-top:48px;\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">How we choose the technology<\/h3>\n        <ul class=\"zk-ticks\">\n          <li><b>Raw water<\/b>: laboratory analysis and source type.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Treated water requirements<\/b>: what the water is for.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Capacity<\/b>: m\u00b3\/h and m\u00b3\/day.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Operating mode<\/b>: automation, continuity of supply.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Costs<\/b>: capital and operating, over the entire service life.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p class=\"zk-p\" style=\"margin-top:16px;\">We run the analysis in our own laboratory and, if needed, process trials.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\" style=\"margin-top:48px;\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Industries where ultrafiltration can be part of the scheme<\/h3>\n        <ul class=\"zk-chips\">\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15182\">Agriculture: poultry and livestock<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Car washes and AdBlue production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Breweries<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Energy, CHP plants, industrial boiler houses<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Pharmaceutical and medical production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15184\">Hotels, spas, restaurants, shopping malls<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/haluzi\/kharchova-pererobka\/\">Food processing<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Chemicals, cosmetics, household chemicals<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Other industrial production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Crop farming, greenhouses, irrigation<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Water and soft drink bottling<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Distilleries and spirits production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Textile and paper production<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15178\">Water utilities and municipalities<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"is-off zk-chip\">Educational institutions<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><a class=\"zk-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15180\">Housing, condominiums, residential complexes<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"yak-pratsiuie\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-layout\">\n        <div class=\"zk-layout__head\">\n          <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"02\">How it works<\/p>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">How industrial ultrafiltration works<\/h2>\n          <p>A UF module is a bundle of thousands of hollow fibers. The membrane separates out suspended solids, colloids and bacteria.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-scheme\" role=\"figure\" aria-label=\"Ultrafiltration diagram: water after mechanical filtration, a hollow fiber module with 0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m pores, filtrate with no suspended solids or bacteria\">\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__cap\">Water path through the module<\/p>\n            <div class=\"zk-scheme__flow\">\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node\"><b>Water<\/b>after mechanical filtration<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-main\">UF module<br>pores 0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n              <div class=\"zk-scheme__node is-out\"><b>Filtrate<\/b><span>no suspended solids or bacteria<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__note\">Under pressure, water passes through the porous wall into the fiber, while contaminants stay outside.<\/p>\n            <p class=\"zk-scheme__note\">What is retained does not build up in the module: the backwash automatically flushes it to drain<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"zk-p\" style=\"margin-top:20px;\">The modules ZIKO uses have fibers <b>1.3 or 0.7&nbsp;mm<\/b> in diameter. The diameter determines how the module handles turbid water: thicker fibers clog less, thinner fibers fit more membrane area into the same housing.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\">\n        <div class=\"zk-compare zk-compare--glass\">\n          <div class=\"zk-compare__col zk-compare__col--before\">\n            <img class=\"zk-obj zk-compare__obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-obj-g1-do-gen.webp\" width=\"335\" height=\"640\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A glass of cloudy water with iron and sediment \u2014 water before treatment\">\n            <h4>Water before the membrane: what UF retains<\/h4>\n            <ul>\n              <li><b>Suspended solids and turbidity<\/b>, fine mechanical impurities<\/li>\n              <li><b>Colloids<\/b> and high-molecular-weight organics<\/li>\n              <li><b>Bacteria and protozoa<\/b><\/li>\n              <li>Iron and other metals in particulate form<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-compare__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-compare__col zk-compare__col--after\">\n            <img class=\"zk-obj zk-compare__obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-obj-g2-pislia-gen.webp\" width=\"272\" height=\"640\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A glass of clear water \u2014 water after treatment\" style=\"--i:2\">\n            <h4>Filtrate after UF<\/h4>\n            <ul>\n              <li><b>No suspended solids or bacteria<\/b>: goes to the consumer or to the next stage<\/li>\n              <li><b>Same mineral composition<\/b>: the membrane does not change dissolved salts or hardness<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"zk-block\">\n        <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">What passes through needs another stage<\/h3>\n        <ul class=\"zk-factors\">\n          <li>Dissolved salts, hardness and salinity: <b>softening or RO<\/b><\/li>\n          <li>Dissolved iron and manganese: <b>iron removal<\/b> before the membrane<\/li>\n          <li>Nitrates and silica: <b>RO<\/b><\/li>\n          <li>Viruses: only partly, depending on the membrane; where a guarantee is needed, <b>disinfection<\/b> is installed after UF<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"u-skhemi\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"03\">Applications<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Ultrafiltration in ZIKO combined solutions<\/h2>\n        <p>From local systems to municipal water supply stations. UF almost never stands alone: mechanical filtration comes before it, and disinfection or RO after it.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <figure class=\"zk-sieve\" role=\"figure\" aria-label=\"Pore size: mechanical filtration 20\u2013130 \u00b5m, ultrafiltration 0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m, nanofiltration 0.001\u20130.002 \u00b5m, reverse osmosis below 0.0001 \u00b5m\">\n        <figcaption>Pore size: from mechanical filtration to RO<\/figcaption>\n        <ol>\n          <li><span class=\"zk-sieve__name\"><b>Mechanical filtration<\/b><small>sand, scale flakes, coarse solids<\/small><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__track\"><i style=\"--a:12.7%;--w:11.6%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__val\">130 \u00b7 100 \u00b7 20 \u00b5m<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"is-hl\"><span class=\"zk-sieve__name\"><b>Ultrafiltration<\/b><small>colloids, organics, bacteria<\/small><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__track\"><i style=\"--a:57.1%;--w:14.3%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__val\">0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"zk-sieve__name\"><b>Nanofiltration<\/b><small>some salts, multivalent ions<\/small><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__track\"><i style=\"--a:81.4%;--w:4.3%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__val\">0.001\u20130.002 \u00b5m<\/span><\/li>\n          <li><span class=\"zk-sieve__name\"><b>Reverse osmosis<\/b><small>dissolved salts, desalination<\/small><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__track\"><i class=\"is-end\" style=\"--a:100.0%;--w:0.0%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__val\">&lt; 0.0001 \u00b5m<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ol>\n        <div class=\"zk-sieve__axis\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><\/span><span class=\"zk-sieve__ticks\"><span style=\"--p:14.3%\">100 \u00b5m<\/span><span style=\"--p:42.9%\">1 \u00b5m<\/span><span style=\"--p:71.4%\">0.01 \u00b5m<\/span><span style=\"--p:100%\">0.0001 \u00b5m<\/span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div>\n        <p class=\"zk-sieve__note\">Logarithmic scale: each division is a hundred times finer than the previous one.<\/p>\n      <\/figure>\n\n      <ul class=\"zk-configs zk-configs--3\">\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">Mechanical filtration \u2192 UF \u2192 disinfection<\/p><h3>01. Surface water<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Clear water with no suspended solids or bacteria, <b>without coagulants or settling tanks<\/b><\/p><p>After rain and floods, the turbidity of rivers and reservoirs rises several times over. The membrane needs no chemical dose readjustment: only the cleaning frequency changes.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">For municipal, domestic and industrial needs<\/p><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">Mechanical filtration \u2192 UF \u2192 reverse osmosis<\/p><h3>02. Industrial plants<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Turbidity <b>\u2264&nbsp;0.3 NTU<\/b> and SDI\u2081\u2085 <b>\u2264&nbsp;5<\/b>, recommended &lt; 3: ZIKO requirements for RO feed water<\/p><p>UF works as a separate stage or as part of a combined scheme. It removes suspended solids and colloids and protects process equipment and the more expensive, more sensitive RO membranes.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">Iron and manganese are removed before UF<\/p><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-config\"><p class=\"zk-config__chain\">Treated effluent \u2192 UF \u2192 disinfection or RO<\/p><h3>03. Water reuse \u2014 ZIKO 360<\/h3><p class=\"zk-config__out\">Water for <b>technical needs<\/b> from treated wastewater<\/p><p>We polish effluent after the treatment plant and return the water to production. The membrane removes the suspended solids and microorganisms left after treatment. The result: less fresh water and less discharge.<\/p><p class=\"zk-config__ex\">The scheme depends on the effluent composition after treatment<\/p><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec zk-sec--ref\" id=\"ekspluatatsiia\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"04\">Cleaning, automation and service<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Ultrafiltration membranes: long service life without frequent replacement<\/h2>\n        <p>Contaminants build up on the membrane and increase resistance. Automatic backwashes remove them, with chemical cleaning when needed. Cleaning frequency is set by the differential pressure across the module, not by the calendar.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <ul class=\"zk-rows\">\n        <li class=\"zk-row\"><span class=\"zk-row__ic zk-row__ic--txt\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><div><h3>Automatic backwashing<\/h3><p>Remove fouling and maintain capacity without manual intervention.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-row\"><span class=\"zk-row__ic zk-row__ic--txt\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><div><h3>Monitoring and automation<\/h3><p>Parameter monitoring, mode control, protective algorithms, integration with the plant SCADA.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-row\"><span class=\"zk-row__ic zk-row__ic--txt\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><div><h3>Membrane life<\/h3><p>The membranes are designed to last for years. We replace them based on actual condition, not on a schedule.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-row\"><span class=\"zk-row__ic zk-row__ic--txt\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><div><h3>ZIKO service<\/h3><p>Commissioning, automation setup, scheduled maintenance.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <div class=\"zk-kv\">\n        <div>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">Cleaning schedule<\/h3>\n          <dl>\n            <div><dt>Backwash<\/dt><dd>5\u201310 min<small>with treated water, about 1.5 bar<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n            <div><dt>Air scouring or chemically enhanced backwash in operation<\/dt><dd>10\u201320 min<small>for organics and silicates that are hard to wash off<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n            <div><dt>Full chemical cleaning<\/dt><dd>1\u20132.5 h<small>for heavy fouling<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n          <\/dl>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">What the site needs<\/h3>\n          <dl>\n            <div><dt>Mechanical pretreatment<\/dt><dd>mandatory<small>otherwise the fibers clog quickly<\/small><\/dd><\/div>\n            <div><dt>Inlet pressure to the equipment<\/dt><dd>at least 3 bar<\/dd><\/div>\n            <div><dt>Backwash water disposal<\/dt><dd>drain or sewer<\/dd><\/div>\n          <\/dl>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:32px;\"><b>Where the backwash water goes<\/b><p>After backwashing, water goes to drain with everything the membrane retained: suspended solids, colloids, microorganisms. We include its volume and disposal in the design together with the capacity. This determines how much raw water must be fed.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec zk-sec--accent\" id=\"dosvid\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"05\">Experience<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Industrial ultrafiltration: ZIKO projects of different scales<\/h2>\n        <p>We handle the whole project: calculations, supply, installation, commissioning, staff training, warranty and service support.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <ul class=\"zk-cases zk-cases--3\">\n        <li class=\"zk-case zk-case--text\"><div class=\"zk-case__body\"><p class=\"zk-meta\">Community \u00b7 1,000\u20132,000&nbsp;m\u00b3\/day<\/p><h3>Containerized ultrafiltration station<\/h3><ul><li>The technology was chosen based on a <b>laboratory analysis<\/b> of the raw water<\/li><li>The calculation took into account capacity, hydraulic conditions and automation<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-case zk-case--text\"><div class=\"zk-case__body\"><p class=\"zk-meta\">Hotel and leisure complex \u00b7 river water<\/p><h3>Ultrafiltration up to 150&nbsp;m\u00b3\/day<\/h3><ul><li>The scheme was designed for the river water quality and its <b>seasonal fluctuations<\/b><\/li><li>The equipment sits in a plant room and is integrated into the complex\u2019s utilities<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/li>\n        <li class=\"zk-case zk-case--text\"><div class=\"zk-case__body\"><p class=\"zk-meta\">Reverse osmosis \u00b7 juice production<\/p><h3>Membrane system \u2014 30&nbsp;m\u00b3\/h<\/h3><ul><li>Water for the product, steam generators and heating<\/li><li>The same pretreatment, cleaning and service requirements as for ultrafiltration<\/li><\/ul><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/project\/vertogrand-juice-vyrobnytstvo-kontsentrovanykh-sokiv\/\">Project details \u2192<\/a><\/div><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <p class=\"zk-more\">The capacities shown are examples, not limits: we size the system for your demand in m\u00b3\/h and m\u00b3\/day.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"zk-softband\">\n        <p><b>Need ultrafiltration for your site?<\/b>Send us your water analysis and required capacity \u2014 we\u2019ll size the system and estimate the capital and operating costs.<\/p>\n        <a href=\"#zk-cta\" class=\"zk-btn zk-btn--cta\">Get an engineering estimate<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"vartist\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\">\n        <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"06\">Cost<\/p>\n        <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">What determines the cost of ultrafiltration<\/h2>\n        <p>We calculate the cost for each project from the water analysis, the required capacity and the treated water requirements.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-duo\">\n        <div>\n          <h3 class=\"zk-subh\">What drives the figure<\/h3>\n          <ul class=\"zk-factors\">\n            <li><b>Raw water.<\/b> Turbidity, suspended solids, colloids, organics and seasonal fluctuations. They determine whether pretreatment is needed.<\/li>\n            <li><b>Capacity and redundancy.<\/b> Consumption schedule, peaks, operating mode, acceptable interruptions. If needed, we add standby equipment.<\/li>\n            <li><b>Scope of supply and automation.<\/b> Membranes, pumps, monitoring, SCADA integration. And what comes after UF: disinfection or RO.<\/li>\n            <li><b>Water balance and operation.<\/b> Water for cleaning, energy, chemicals, maintenance, backwash water disposal.<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-callout\"><b>We calculate the total cost: CAPEX + OPEX<\/b><p><strong>CAPEX<\/strong>: equipment, automation, design, installation, commissioning.<\/p><p style=\"margin-top:8px;\"><strong>OPEX<\/strong>: electricity, water for cleaning, chemicals, maintenance, membrane replacement.<\/p><p style=\"margin-top:8px;\">Our goal is a well-justified configuration, not the lowest upfront price. We are not tied to any single equipment manufacturer.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"zk-callout\" style=\"margin-top:20px;\"><b>Compare it with a chemical treatment scheme, not with another membrane<\/b><p>The alternative to UF for surface water is clarification by coagulation with a settling tank and filters. Its cost structure is different: chemicals, structure volume, sludge. So for the same source, it is worth calculating both options.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\" id=\"pytannia\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-layout\">\n        <div class=\"zk-layout__head\">\n          <p class=\"zk-num\" data-n=\"07\">FAQ<\/p>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Ultrafiltration: answers to common questions<\/h2>\n          <p>Didn\u2019t find your question? Ask an engineer using the form below.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-faq__obj\"><img class=\"zk-obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/uf-obj-u1-volokna-gen.webp\" width=\"640\" height=\"468\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cross-section of an ultrafiltration module: a bundle of hollow fibers\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"zk-faq\">\n          <details open><summary>Ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis?<\/summary><p>UF retains suspended solids, colloids, bacteria and, depending on the membrane, some viruses. Dissolved salts, including hardness salts, pass through it. RO reduces dissolved salts and itself needs clean feed water. That is why UF is installed as a separate stage or ahead of RO.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Does ultrafiltration replace disinfection?<\/summary><p>Partly. The membrane is a physical barrier to bacteria, but it has no effect in the network downstream and only partly retains viruses. Whether you need disinfection after UF depends on what the water is for and how it is stored and distributed.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Does UF remove iron?<\/summary><p>Only oxidized iron, in particulate form. Dissolved iron and manganese pass through the membrane, so they are removed by iron removal upstream.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>How often should the membrane be cleaned?<\/summary><p>Cleaning is automatic, and its frequency is set by the differential pressure across the module. A backwash with treated water takes 5\u201310 minutes. Air scouring or a chemically enhanced backwash in operation takes 10\u201320 minutes. A full chemical cleaning for heavy fouling takes from 1 to 2.5 hours.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>How long do ultrafiltration membranes last?<\/summary><p>For years. Automatic cleaning and scheduled maintenance keep their performance stable. A membrane is replaced based on its actual condition, judged by an integrity test and operating data.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Do you need UF for well water?<\/summary><p>Usually not. Groundwater is mostly clear, and its typical problems (iron, manganese, hardness) are not solved by ultrafiltration. UF makes sense where the water is turbid or microbiologically unstable. The final decision rests on the water analysis, not the source type.<\/p><\/details>\n          <details><summary>Can ultrafiltration produce drinking water?<\/summary><p>UF is an important stage in drinking water treatment: it removes suspended solids and reduces microbiological contamination. It does not remove dissolved chemical impurities, so on its own it only works with suitable water. We design the scheme from the analysis and the applicable drinking water standards.<\/p><\/details>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-section zk-section--invert zk-cta-sec--obj\" id=\"zk-cta\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-cta\">\n        <div>\n          <h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Size an ultrafiltration system<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"zk-lead\" style=\"color:#fff;opacity:.9;\">Send us your water analysis, required capacity and treated water requirements. We\u2019ll select the scheme and estimate CAPEX and OPEX. No analysis? We\u2019ll do one in our laboratory. Consultation and preliminary estimate are free.<\/p>\n          <p class=\"zk-cta__phone\">Phone: <a href=\"tel:+380959321273\">+38 095 93 21 273<\/a><\/p>\n          <div class=\"zk-cta__obj\"><img class=\"zk-obj\" src=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kharch-obj-c1-proba-gen.webp\" width=\"377\" height=\"640\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Water sample bottles for laboratory analysis\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"zk-formbox\">\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f12551-o1\" lang=\"en-US\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"12551\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15192#wpcf7-f12551-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Contact form\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"12551\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.1.5\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"en_US\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f12551-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" value=\"\" \/>\n<\/fieldset>\n<p><label class=\"contactformname\"><br \/>\n<a>Full Name<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-name\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" autocomplete=\"name\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-name\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformemail\"><br \/>\n<a>Email<\/a> <span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-email\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email\" autocomplete=\"email\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"email\" name=\"your-email\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformtel\"><br \/>\n<a>Phone Number<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"tel-500\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-tel wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-tel\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"tel\" name=\"tel-500\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label class=\"contactformldesc\"><br \/>\n<a>Your Message (optional)<\/a><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-message\"><textarea cols=\"40\" rows=\"10\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"your-message\"><\/textarea><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Send\" \/>\n<\/p><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"zk-sec\">\n    <div class=\"zk-inner\">\n      <div class=\"zk-head\"><h2 class=\"zk-h2\">Where to go next<\/h2><\/div>\n      <div class=\"zk-next\">\n        <div>\n          <h3>Related technologies<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15190\">Mechanical water filtration<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15188\">Reverse osmosis (RO)<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Nanofiltration (NF)<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/?page_id=15194\">Water disinfection<\/a><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h3>Water sources<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li><span class=\"is-off\">Surface water: rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, reservoirs<\/span><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/ziko-360\/\">ZIKO 360 \u2014 reuse of treated wastewater<\/a><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Service\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/ultrafiltratsiya\/#service\",\"name\":\"Ultrafiltration (UF)\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/en\/filtry-dlya-vody-dlya-biznesu\/tehnolohii\/ultrafiltratsiya\/\",\"serviceType\":\"Industrial water treatment\",\"provider\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"ZIKO\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ziko.com.ua\/\"},\"areaServed\":{\"@type\":\"Country\",\"name\":\"Ukraine\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Consistent water quality and equipment protection: the membrane retains suspended solids, colloids and bacteria without coagulants or settling tanks. 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Our projects range from a hotel complex to a community station for 1,000\u20132,000\u00a0m\u00b3\/day. Pores 0.01\u20130.1 \u00b5m Backwash takes 5\u201310 minutes Size an ultrafiltration system Order a water analysis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"parent":15176,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15192","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Industrial ultrafiltration: the membrane retains suspended solids, colloids and bacteria without coagulants. 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